中国西部绿色发展概念框架

综合绿色发展的国际经验,以自然资本、经济资本、社会资本与人力资本四大资本为核心,提出了中国西部地区绿色发展概念框架.中国西部地区绿色发展概念框架是以“发展中促转变,转变中谋发展”的良性循环发展原则为指导原则,分析西部地区社会经济发展及生态环境和自然资源保护两个方面在发展过程中相互促进和制约的关系,并根据西部地区当前经济资本、环境资本、社会资本以及人力资本数量,通过政府适当干预,如区域规划、区内调整,最终实现社会经济与生态环境和自然资源相协调的绿色发展.该框架综合考虑了中国西部在绿色发展道路上特有挑战与机遇,阐明了社会经济发展与资源环境承载力之间的相互作用机制,明确了中国西部地区“生态友好、社会包容和内生增长”的绿色发展目标.最后,本文针对该绿色发展框架提出了中国西部地区绿色发展的政策建议:提出“西部地区绿色发展战略”是当前西部地区绿色发展进程中最为迫切的需求,中央政府应当尽快制定和实施“西部地区绿色发展战略”,同时西部地区政府在省级和地方层面将保护中国西部生态环境与区域扶贫开发相结合,加大对以提升西部地区人力资本为目的的各类工程的投入,强化区域绿色基础建设和生态服务供给,缓解西部地区贫困,提升区域绿色发展进程的速度和质量;开展财政体制机制改革,以提高各级财政资金的使用效率;结合各省发展需求与条件实施以生态城市为发展目标的可持续城镇化发展模式,制定差异化的城镇化发展战略;在西部地区重点和限制开发区尤其是贫困集中和区域发展潜力较大地区,鼓励具有区域特色的新型绿色产业的发展.在发展过程中不断加强制度创新以引导长期绿色发展.     

水资源条件约束下西北农村地区生态经济发展对策

西北地区生态脆弱，社会经济发展相对落后。农业在全区经济中占有重要的地位，所以农村地区可持续发展对于实现西北地区可持续发展具有重要意义。通过分析西北地区水资源现状及特点和本区农村社会、经济发展现状，认为西北地区水资源严重缺乏，干旱化趋势将长期存在；农业结构不合理，乡镇工业污染严重、城镇化进程缓慢是制约本区农村地区可持续发展的主要因素。在此基础上，提出了在水资源严重缺乏条件下西北农村地区实现生态经济可持续发展的具体对策：积极调整农业结构，大力发展节水农业和推进农业产业化；加强小城镇社区生态环境基础设施建设，实施城镇化发展战略和乡镇企业可持续发展；建设生态型的小城镇，建立农村地区新型生态能源结构，加强小流域综合治理是改善农村生态环境和实现农村地区生态经济可持续发展的有效途径。     

长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率及其空间驱动机制研究

随着资源环境约束条件日益严峻,降低工业污染排放,推动工业绿色发展,是经济发展主流趋势。作为国家战略支撑带,长江经济带工业绿色发展对推动国家生态文明建设、构建现代产业体系、加快经济高质量发展意义重大。从绿色技术创新、绿色红利外溢、绿色政策供给等维度阐述工业绿色发展效率提升的内在机理,基于2011—2016年长江经济带110个地级及以上城市面板数据,采用考虑非期望产出的全局超效率SBM模型及泰尔指数分析长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率的时空演变规律,采用空间杜宾模型SDM探究长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率提升的空间驱动机制。结果表明:①长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率呈上升态势,年均增长2. 95%,工业绿色发展内生动力显著增强;②上中下游地区城市工业绿色发展差异显著,呈梯度递减格局,下游地区城市产业结构迈向服务化,城市工业绿色发展重心逐渐向中上游地区转移;③经济发展、环境规制、工业化、对外开放是提升长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率的主要直接驱动力;④产业集聚、城镇化、技术创新对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率直接推动作用有限,以高耗能型产业集聚为主,城市建设空间利用效率不高,绿色技术创新支撑效应有待加强;⑤环境规制、城镇化对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率存在负向空间溢出效应,提高环境标准导致污染型产业向周边地区转移,粗放城镇化模式加剧城市间生产要素的恶性竞争;⑥产业集聚、工业化对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展的正向空间溢出效应明显,污染型产业发展模式的警示效应较强,各城市竞相布局绿色先进制造业。基于上述实证分析结果,进一步提升长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率,应加快构建统一的环境预警机制,强化绿色技术创新的支撑作用,促进产业结构优化升级,推进集约式新型城镇化,绿色承接产业转移。     

房地产市场促进城镇化建设的作用机理与协调发展研究

新型城镇化建设是中共十八大提出的重要发展目标,其建设水平直接关乎我国经济发展方式转变路径,房地产市场作为国民经济运行的重要组成部分,其市场化程度对于城镇化建设至关重要,因此,如何实现房地产市场与城镇化建设的同步和协调发展是当前中国经济社会发展亟需解决的现实问题。本文基于理论模型和经验分析,从系统分析入手,通过综合指标建立"房地产市场—城镇化建设水平"系统(系统Ⅰ:房地产市场;系统Ⅱ:城镇化建设水平),运用熵值法进行评价指标权值的求取,进而运用耦合协调度模型,重点分析不同等级城市两个系统的运行成效、耦合阶段和协调趋势,以期强化政策制定的针对性和现实性。研究表明:1房地产销售价格、预期与信贷和人口流动是房地产市场作用于城镇化建设的主要渠道;2系统Ⅰ—房地产市场,序参量的空间规律表现为:三线城市二线城市一线城市;系统Ⅱ—城镇化建设水平,序参量的空间规律表现为:一线城市二线城市三线城市;3我国现阶段房地产市场和城镇化建设水平的耦合度还处于较低水平,且地区差异较大,耦合程度从大到小依次表现为:二线城市三线城市一线城市;从协调度来看,整体表现为中度协调,但应注意北京市已表现为低度协调状态。最后本文提出了相应的政策建议:首先要限制一线城市"以速度为纲"的城镇化发展思路;二是依靠房价、信贷和户籍等政策约束引导新型城镇化建设,有效控制一线城市的体量;三是放宽中小城市和城镇户籍限制,鼓励符合条件的农业转移人口逐步在城镇落户,注重提升三线城市的城镇化发展质量。     

基于空间计量的地级市政府间城镇化竞争分析

城镇化是地方经济持续增长的重要引擎和经济转型的重心,对城市经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。在考核制度和资源流通等因素驱动下,地方政府也热衷于通过城镇化拉动投资,因此城镇化竞争不可避免。文章利用278个地级城市2005—2014年的面板数据,构建一般空间自回归模型和两区制空间自回归模型,检验地级市政府间的城镇化竞争及异质下土地城镇化和人口城镇化竞争差异。结果发现:(1)地级市政府间存在竞争性城镇化,即一个城市推动城镇化进程会驱动邻近城市竞争性推动城镇化;(2)工业化程度对城镇化竞争差异有显著影响,工业化程度低的城市土地城镇化竞争水平高于工业化程度高的城市,而工业化程度高的城市人口城镇化竞争水平则高于工业化程度低的城市;(3)科技教育投入会对城镇化形成挤出效应,降低土地城镇化和人口城镇化竞争水平;(4)省会城市人口城镇化竞争水平高于非省会城市,土地城镇化竞争水平并无显著差异;(5)东部沿海地区的人口城镇化竞争水平高于中西部地区,而后者的城市土地城镇化竞争水平高于前者。结论支持了地方政府间存在城镇化竞争的事实,也显示了我国土地城镇化和人口城镇化竞争失衡的现实,据此,文章提出针对性建议:(1)经济欠发达地区政府应该弱化对土地城镇化的依赖,提高人口城镇化的竞争力;(2)弱化以GDP增长为核心的政绩考核体制,构建多样化、综合性政绩考核机制;(3)地方政府坚持合理有序的城镇化建设,实现土地城镇化和人口城镇化协调发展。     

中国西部地区生态扶贫策略研究

西部地区是我国贫困面最大、贫困程度最深的地区,同时也是生态环境最脆弱的地区.改革开放以来,虽然西部地区社会经济发展水平得到了一定的提高,但与东中部地区的收入差距却在不断的扩大.同时,随着全国贫困人口绝对规模的减少,贫困人口的分布进一步向西部地区集中,生态环境在诸多致贫因素中越来越突出.文章从西部贫困地区与生态脆弱区和重要生态功能区空间分布的关联性以及地区贫困对生态环境的影响等方面深入解析了西部地区贫困和生态环境互为因果的耦合机理;分析了当前西部地区扶贫开发面临的生态环境、资金、人力资本、管理体制等方面的严峻挑战;提出了生态扶贫的概念和基本内涵,即:生态建设与扶贫开发同步进行,生态恢复与脱贫致富相互协调;设计了原地扶贫和离地扶贫两大生态扶贫模式,并提出了不同生态扶贫模式的特点、实施范围和基本内容.原地扶贫通过创造生态管护就业岗位,发展当地特色生态绿色产业体系,实现贫困人口在当地就业,增加贫困人口的收入.同时,通过拓展整村推进和本地教育工程,改善贫困地区生产、生活条件,提高贫困人口稳定脱贫能力.离地扶贫则以生态移民为主,并结合城镇化战略,引导贫困地区劳动力向城镇和东部沿海地区转移,通过异地就业、生活实现脱贫.最后,提出了实施生态扶贫战略的相关政策建议,包括以教育为核心的人力资本开发,以特色农副产品开发、特色生态旅游和绿色品牌建设为核心的特色优势产业发展,以及以生态移民制度和政府管理体制为核心的制度建设创新等.     

城镇化与工业化对能源强度影响的实证研究——基于截面相关和异质性回归系数的非平衡面板数据模型

城镇化、工业化对中国能源强度的影响如何?如何在快速推进城镇化、工业化进程的同时确保节能减排目标的实现?论文以能源强度指标代替传统的能源消费指标来反映能源综合利用效率,并应用考虑截面相关性和异质性回归系数的非平衡面板数据模型,使用共同相关效应组均值(CCEMG)估计方法对中国1978-2014年城镇化、工业化与能源强度之间的关系进行分析。研究结果表明:人均实际GDP增长1%,能源强度将会降低0.412%,工业化水平增长1%,能源强度将会上升0.630%,而由于生产消费等经济活动的增加、高度集中化以及规模经济的综合作用,使得城镇化对能源强度的影响并不确定。联系研究结论,本文提出政策建议:我国应加快产业结构升级,转变经济增长方式;构建绿色制造体系,推进"五化"协同发展;推进绿色、循环、低碳发展的新型城镇化建设,提高城镇化质量,提升我国整体的能源效率,确保节能减排目标的实现,推动经济全面、协调、可持续发展。     

推进城市化进程,跨越水资源门槛,实现大开发战略

人类社会的城市化进程始终是与对水资源的开发利用同步的 ,水资源短缺将是制约城市发展的一道门槛。然而 ,在我国西部地区存在着严重的水资源短缺和难以利用的情况 ,无序的城市化又进一步恶化了本已极为严峻的水资源短缺。但城市化始终是实现西部开发的必然选择。因此 ,在实现西部大开发战略 ,推进城市化进程的过程中 ,必须通过严格控制中心城市规模 ,以控制对水资源的局部过度需求 ;通过进一步优化城镇体系布局 ,在推进城市化进程的同时 ,实现区域范围内水资源的供需平衡 ;通过对现有的城市产业结构加以调整 ,以提高水资源的利用效率。只有依靠这种适宜的城市化战略 ,才能在城市化进程中跨越水资源门槛 ,最终实现西部地区的可持续发展     

城镇蔓延与滞留型城镇化人口

在以政府主导为特征的城镇化进程中,我国形成了有别于西方城市蔓延概念的城镇蔓延。在户籍制度以及经济发展水平的制约下,政府主导的城乡空间转化,将造成其中人口城乡身份识别的困难。本文通过构建一个人口聚集与城市空间增长的动态均衡模型来研究政府推动下的城镇空间扩张对人口的影响。研究发现,在城镇蔓延中除了造成城镇空间的扩张,还产生两类"半"城镇化人口:滞留型城镇化人口和未市民化的进入型城镇人口。与"离土离乡"的进入型城镇人口不同,滞留型城镇人口"不离土不离乡"却由于生存空间划分为城镇地区而成为城镇常住人口。利用人口普查数据对改革开放以来农业户籍人口在城镇地区的变动规模进行分解,发现因为城镇蔓延而产生的的滞留型城镇化人口规模超过进入型城镇化人口,成为农业户籍城镇化中最大群体,且该类人口主要集中在镇区。对这类人口的忽视,将对理解我国城镇进程及其作用产生偏差。而城镇蔓延造成的复杂人口结构需要社会重新考虑我国城镇化进程。而城镇化从空间管理向人口管理、率先解决滞留型城镇人口的城镇化问题以及严格控制小城镇土地城镇化现象,将推进我国城镇化健康发展。     

中国城镇化的关键影响因素及其效应分析

揭示城镇化进程中的关键影响因素及其作用路径,对于实施我国"十二五"时期经济发展规划中的城镇化战略,实现经济社会的健康发展,有着重要的现实意义。基于人口城镇化、经济城镇化和社会城镇化等三个纬度的城镇化度量指标,再加上考察城镇化影响因素的诸多变量难以寻找单一数据指标进行衡量,使得传统计量方法进行城镇化关键影响因素的分析存在一定局限性。本文在城镇化影响机制理论的基础上,基于结构方程模型方法,采用全国282个地级城市的统计数据,对我国城镇化的影响因素及其效应进行实证分析,探求推进我国城镇化进程的关键影响因素及其效应。研究结果表明,要素投入、消费需求、金融深化、空间聚集、人口素质和政府作用等因素对于城镇化的发展都发挥了积极作用;要素投入、人口素质和空间聚集等经济发展因素可以促进城镇化程度的提高,并有显著的影响;而政府作用、消费需求和金融深化对城镇化程度也有正向的作用,但目前的数据显示,其影响水平并不显著。从总体上讲,生产要素的投入是促进城镇化的根本因素。而2002年与2011年数据对比分析结果显示,城镇的人口素质和城镇的空间聚集效应等在城镇化进程中也逐步发挥了关键作用。据此,建议决策当局在制定和实施城镇化战略时,应根据结构模型所展现的路径关系和城镇化进程中的内部路径机理,协同使用相关的政策及各项因素的促进激励措施,优先保证内生驱动因素作用的有效发挥。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.