中国人力资本、人力资本结构与产业结构升级

人力资本及其结构作为推动产业结构转型和升级的重要因素,长期以来没能得到学术界的重视.中国改革开放以来人力资本及其结构水平迅速提升,但各地区间的人力资本及结构水平差异颇大,这可能也是导致中国各地区间经济增长和产业结构水平存在很大差异的原因.中国独特的社会经济环境,为本文直接研究人力资本在产业结构升级中的作用提供了极为理想的样本.文章在增长回归框架下,以中国各省份1978-2008年动态面板数据为基础,从国家和区域层面考察了人力资本及其结构对产业结构升级的影响.结果发现:人力资本对我国及东部地区的产业结构升级有显著促进作用；人力资本分布结构不利于产业结构升级且效应显著;人力资本内部结构与产业结构的显著性相关得到东部地区数据的支持,而在我国及中西部地区的效应不够明显,这主要是由我国投入导向的增长模式和劳动力质量水平不高所决定的.结论表明,人力资本水平提升及结构优化将会加速我国产业结构转型与升级,形成未来我国持续、稳定发展的强大动力.     

外商直接投资对我国人力资本发展的影响分析

改革开放以来，外商直接投资在促进我国经济增长，增加就业的同时，也促进了我国人力资本的发展．运用实证方法分别从积累效应、收益效应和制度效应三个层面进行分析，可以看出应重视发挥FDI在推动我国人力资本型经济增长方式转型中的重要作用，把人力资本战略纳入FDI发展的核心目标之一，采取有效政策措施．进一步提高FDI对我国人力资本发展的贡献度。     

基于双标分类与要素演化的油气资源城市“资源诅咒”情景模拟

随着区域转型创新战略的持续推进,如何实现资源型城市可持续发展的重要性日益凸显。油气资源城市是中国资源型城市的重要组成部分,既承载了资源型城市转型创新重要任务,又面临资源枯竭、转型停滞等问题,需要用"进化"的思想做指引,秉持发展与稳定的统一,才能逐步破除城市发展已存在的"诅咒"陷阱,真正实现城市可持续发展。研究主要运用情景分析方法,通过对中国油气资源城市特征分类分析,明确油气资源城市的发展环境与趋势,基于要素演化分类构建情景分析的计量回归模型,从高情景、标准情景和低情景出发,分析物质资本投资、人力资本水平、技术创新投入、制造业发展等中介要素演化对城市"资源诅咒"的影响。结果显示:①油气资源型城市所存在的"资源诅咒"并非普适性现象,仅存在于一高一低和一低一高型城市。②在上述两类城市中,通过提升物质资本投资和技术创新投入,调整制造业产业结构,增加居民储蓄等方式,可以有效抑制"资源诅咒"现象,为油气资源型城市可持续发展的实现创造条件。③关于人力资本水平这一要素,研究发现具有"资源诅咒"现象的两类城市均存在人力资本错配,从而可能致使资源的福音演变为资源的诅咒。通过分析提出破解中国油气资源城市"资源诅咒"、实现可持续发展的建议:一是通过完善利益分配机制和人才培育机制,不断提升城市科技创新能力,发挥科技创新引领作用;二是合理配置资源,优化产业结构,践行绿色发展理念,打破油气资源产业的"挤出效应"。     

长三角地区创新型人力资本对绿色全要素生产率的影响——基于空间杜宾模型的实证分析

面对粗放式经济发展导致的资源与环境问题,中国提出创新驱动和绿色发展战略。创新型人力资本是创新驱动的动力源泉,提高绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)可以实现资源与环境约束条件下的可持续发展。本文在长三角区域一体化国家战略背景下,基于长三角地区2000—2018年间的面板数据,利用三种权重矩阵分别构建空间杜宾模型,从全区域和分区域两个方面研究创新型人力资本对GTFP的空间效应,探讨创新型人力资本在长三角区域经济一体化绿色发展中的作用。研究结果表明:①各地区创新型人力资本水平和GTFP水平均存在显著差异,长三角东部和南部地区水平较高,西部和北部地区水平较低。②从全区域回归结果来看,增加创新型人力资本投入对GTFP水平提升具有阻碍作用,这可能是由于地区间创新型人力资本的"虹吸效应"、技术创新诱导的"回弹效应"所致。③从分区域的回归结果来看,高GTFP地区依靠创新型人力资本空间溢出效应形成区域增长极,低GTFP地区依靠增加创新型人力资本投入提升自身GTFP水平,由此显示出创新型人力资本可能存在"孤岛效应"。④其他影响因素:财政投资、对外开放度、城镇化率、基础设施等均未显示出对GTFP的促进作用;产业集聚对于高GTFP地区的绿色发展显示出阻碍作用,对于低GTFP地区的绿色发展具有一定促进作用;信息化对全区域GTFP水平提升具有显著促进作用;增强环境规制、减小污染物排放量有利于GTFP水平提升,但是提高污染物去除率对GTFP作用不明显。据此提出推动长三角区域经济一体化绿色发展的政策建议:增强创新型人力资本空间外溢扩散效应,发挥高层次人才在绿色技术应用和推广中的作用,构建区域协同创新体系和绿色发展生态环境,实现GTFP区域联动提升。     

环境质量与人口素质对经济增长的影响

根据柯布—道格拉斯生产函数构建收入方程,利用1997-2007年我国省区面板数据,使用控制了省区固定效应的两阶段最小二乘法,克服环境质量和人口素质的内生性,分析环境质量和人口素质对经济增长的影响。实证分析结果表明:人口素质的提高,对经济增长有推动作用;环境的恶化会阻碍经济的持续增长;我国的人均教育水平的提升空间还很大,对经济的推动作用的潜力也就很大。因此,要重视人力资本投资;推进经济结构改革,加大对污染物排放的控制和监督;推进技术改革,推广绿色技术,从而提高人口素质,改善环境质量,促进经济更快更好的发展。     

中国对外直接投资影响母国环境的理论机理与实证研究

经济全球化背景下,中国工业化进程深度融入全球价值链分工体系,在以资源能源消耗与要素投入增加为特征的粗放型经济增长模式下,国际贸易与国际投资在带动中国经济迅速发展的同时,也不可避免地影响国内的资源环境形势。基于此,本文以中国为研究对象,探究对外直接投资对母国环境的影响及其作用机制,对于“一带一路”战略背景下中国改善生态环境质量、推动经济绿色发展,具有重要的现实意义。本文首先从经济规模扩张、产业结构转型以及技术水平增进等三个视角,构建起对外直接投资影响母国环境的理论框架,并提出相应研究假说。随后,基于中介效应法,构建动态面板模型,在核算各省综合污染指数基础上,结合省级面板数据与系统GMM估计方法,实证探究对外直接投资对母国环境的基本影响,并对其作用机制进行了检验、识别与分析。多个角度开展的稳健性检验依然表明实证结果是稳健的。研究结论如下:一是对外直接投资通过推动母国经济规模扩张,导致其污染物排放增加;二是对外直接投资通过促进母国产业结构朝向服务化转型,有利于减少其污染物排放;三是对外直接投资通过引致反向技术溢出效应,有利于母国污染物排放减少;四是综合来看,当前中国推动对外直接投资,有利于减少母国污染物排放。最后,本文从优化国际投资结构、强化技术领域国际合作等方面提出促进中国环境治理的政策建议。     

基于系统动力学的山东省油气产业能耗控制研究

能耗控制是油气产业节能减排和产业升级的重要内容,驱动因素与产业能耗指标演化是制定产业发展政策的依据。本文基于系统动力学方法对油气产业能耗驱动指标的因果关系进行分析,构建系统动力学(SD)模型,使用2007—2016年数据对山东省油气产业进行模拟仿真。结果显示:经济环境因素中GDP增长对上游产业能源消耗量的影响最大,上游产业投资也是影响能耗增长的重要因素;整体科技水平的提高是最有效提高上游能源效率的因素。GDP增长率和投资也是影响下游产业能源消耗量的关键因素,第一产业GDP的占比、整体科技水平以及下游产业科技水平的提升可能会对下游产业能源消耗产生一定的降低作用。下游能源效率相对于上游能源效率明显较低,第三产业GDP占比的提升有助于下游产业能源效率的大幅度提升。经济规模、产业结构、产业投资规模是山东省油气产业能耗的最重要驱动因素,而产业结构调整对于油气产业能源消耗的影响并不明显。科技水平提升是油气产业能耗的重要控制因素,也是能源效率提升的决定因素。山东省整体科技水平提升对于油气产业能耗影响大于产业内部科技水平提升。国际油价上涨会推动上游产业能耗增加,而下游产业能耗对国际油价并不敏感。     

中国人口流动迁移对城市化进程影响的实证分析

人口流动迁移是改革开放以来中国经济社会发展变迁和城市化中出现的一个重要现象。基于我国30个省域2002-2012年的空间面板数据,通过构建空间静态与动态模型实证分析了人口流动迁移对城市化进程的影响。研究表明:我国城市化水平存在显著的空间正相关性,整体上有着明显的空间扩散效应;流入人口和流入人口人力资本对我国城市化的影响都很突出,流入人口带来人力资本集聚对城市化水平的影响要大于简单人口数据的集聚;净迁移人口和净迁移人口人力资本对我国城市化水平的影响不是很显著,与我国的户籍制度存在着一定关系,当前的户籍制度限制了居民的迁徙,对城市化发展起着阻碍作用;经济力量仍是我国城市化水平提高的重要驱动力。因此,在推动城市化进程中,除继续发挥经济力量的核心驱动力作用外,更需重视流动迁移人口对城市化的作用。     

城市外来务工人口人力资本提升路径分析——以家政服务从业人员为例

城市外来务工人口是特殊的城市人群,2015年南京市外来务工人口调研发现这一群体就业结构呈现偏向服务行业的趋势,且人力资本总体水平偏低,难以满足市场的高层次需求。本研究选择家政从业人员为代表,对城市外来务工人口人力资本形成的影响因素进行回归分析和解释,发现要解决目前城市中高水平外来务工人员供求失衡的问题,需通过学习能力养成、配置优化、多元化培训、激励自我投资和保健投资等路径促进其人力资本水平的提升。     

人力资本、产业结构调整与绿色发展效率的作用机制

寻求经济增长与环境改善的双赢已成为中国推进绿色发展的内在要求。人力资本与产业结构调整相互作用,均被视作改善绿色发展效率的重要支撑条件,然而两者的相互作用能否促进中国绿色发展效率提升尚未得到关注。本文梳理人力资本、产业结构调整与绿色发展效率之间的作用机制,在使用包含非期望产出的SBM模型测算中国1997—2013年各省份绿色发展效率的基础上,识别人力资本、产业结构调整及其交互对于绿色发展效率的作用方向与影响力度。结果显示:总体而言,样本期内绿色发展效率存在无效率状态,这与中国粗放型发展方式有关;从空间尺度上看,绿色发展效率呈现出东部高于中西部的态势;从时间尺度上看,绿色发展效率在样本前半期与后半期的变动趋势并不一致,前半期效率值呈现出下降趋势而后半期则表现为波动变动;全国层面与东、中、西部人力资本水平以及人力资本结构未能发挥提升绿色发展效率的作用,产业结构调整的两个维度——产业结构高级化与产业结构合理化在全国层面与东、中部均表现出改善绿色发展效率的态势;人力资本水平(人力资本结构)与产业结构高级化、产业结构合理化的交互项对于绿色发展效率的提升作用在全国层面与东部有所体现但力度不强。应以联动性而非割裂的视角看待中国所进行的人力资本培育与产业结构调整,应当努力减少人力资本与产业结构调整之间相互脱节、不相适应的状况,不断增进人力资本与产业结构调整的适配性以提升中国各省份绿色发展效率。     

优化分配方式 提高资金环境绩效

十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金下达近91亿元,为我国环境污染防治和监管基础能力建设提供了强有力的资金保障。随着财政资金使用改革的不断深入,财政部和环保部对中央环境保护专项资金的管理已从过去以评审为中心转变为以绩效为中心,无论在资金投向、分配方式、过程管理、绩效评估等方面都紧密围绕环境绩效这一中心开展。本文在对十一五期间中央环境保护专项资金资金分配总体情况总结归纳的基础上,分析了资金分配方式制约绩效发挥的主要问题,以改革创新资金分配方式、提高环境绩效为目的,对中央统筹法、项目申报法、因素分配法等三种分配方式提出了若干改革优化的建议。     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of extracts of diesel and related environmental emissions: Summary and discussion of the results

The proposed conversion from gasoline powered automobiles to diesel powered vehicels has prompted the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the potential health effects associated with exposure to diesel emissions. At present, there is no direct epidemiological link between this exposure and human health. Therefore, a research program was constructed to compare the health effects associated with diesel emissions with those from other emission sources for which epidemiological information was available. The emission sources chosen were cigarette smoke, roofing tar, and coke oven. An additional comparative emission source which was a gasoline catalyst engine. Respirable particles from a variety of combustion sources have the potential of being carcinogenic and mutagenic. The objective of these studies was to determine the relative biological activity of the organic material adsorbed on these particles in both in vitro mutagenesis and in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The organic extracts from the following series of emission sources were quantitatively bioassayed in a matrix of tests for their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity: (1) a light-duty Oldsmobile diesel 350 engine; (2) a heavy-duty Caterpillar diesel engine; (3) a light-duty Nissan engine; (4) a Volkswagen Rabbit diesel engine; (5) cigarette smoke; (6) roofing tar; (7) coke oven; and (8) a gasoline catalyst Mustang. The test matrix consisted of the following bioassay: reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium; mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells (SHE); sister chromatid exchange in CHO cells; gene mutation in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, Balb/c 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts and CHO cells; viral enhancement of SHE cells; oncogenic transformation in Balb/c 3T3 cells; and skin tumor initiation in SENCAR and C57 black mice. The results of this test matrix are discussed.     

Comparisons of elements and inorganic compounds inside and outside of residences

The results of more than 1 yr of air monitoring inside and outside of five homes in each of two communities are presented for SO₂, NO₂, mass respirable particles, SO₄, Al, Br, Cl, Mn, Na, and V. Outdoor measurements across the home site in each city are consistent with proximity to outdoor sources. Looking across indoor residential sites in each city, the home appears to alter outdoor concentrations in several ways. Indoor level of SO₂, SO₄, Mn, and V are lower than those measured outdoors. These constituents are thought generally to result from outdoor sources. The other constituents studied are at times found in excess within homes. In some cases the source or sources of excess concentration of a particular constituent could be identified; often, however, the source of excess indoor concentration could not be identified.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises

Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are top predators in the North Sea and consequently accumulate a variety of pollutants in their tissues. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs) were measured in serum of wild harbour seals (n = 47) and captive harbour porpoises (n = 21). Both species exhibit long life spans and do not have extreme situations, such as complete fasting during periods of lactation, in their annual cycles. For PCBs, concentrations in adult males were slightly higher than in juveniles and lowest in juvenile females. For PBDEs, juveniles have higher levels than adult males and females, probably as a consequence of lactational transfer. However, differences between these age–gender groups were not statistical significant, indicating that individual variation was limited within each species, even without knowing the feeding status of the animals. Body condition, particularly emaciation, has a major influence on the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in serum. Profiles of PCBs were CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 187 > CB 180 and CB 153 > CB 138 > CB 149 > CB 187 > CB 180 for harbour seals and porpoises respectively. For PBDEs, BDE 47 was the predominant congener followed by BDE 100 and 99 in both species. In harbour seals, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 39,200 pg/ml) were more than 200 times higher than levels of sum PBDEs (median: 130 pg/ml) and almost 10 times higher than concentrations of sum HO-PCBs (4350 pg/ml). In harbour porpoises, concentrations of sum PCBs (median: 24,300 pg/ml) were about 20 times higher than concentrations of PBDEs (median: 1300 pg/ml). HO-PCBs were detected in only 4 harbour porpoises and this at very low concentrations. Naturally-produced MeO-PBDEs were only found in harbour porpoises at concentrations ranging from 120 to 810 pg/ml. HO-PBDEs were not found in any species. In general, harbour seals accumulate less compounds and have mostly lower concentrations than harbour porpoises possibly as a result of a better developed metabolism.     

Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

The widespread use of brominated flame-retarded products in the last two decades has resulted in an increasing presence of bromine in thermal processes such as waste combustion and accidental fires. Brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs, PXDDs/PXDFs) are micropollutants of concern arising from such processes. The present review aims to evaluate the relevance of these compound classes in actual thermal processes. Four categories of thermal processes are discussed in this respect according to their potential for PBDD/PBDF and PXDD/PXDF generation: thermal stress, pyrolysis/gasification, insufficient combustion conditions and controlled combustion conditions. Under thermal stress situations, as they may occur in production or recycling processes, PBDDs/PBDFs precursors like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) can have a relevant potential for PBDD/PBDF formation via a simple elimination. Under insufficient combustion conditions as they are present in, e.g. accidental fires and uncontrolled burning as well as gasification/pyrolysis processes, considerable amounts of PBDDs/PBDFs can be formed from BFRs, preferably via the precursor pathway. In contrast, under controlled combustion conditions, BFRs and PBDDs/PBDFs can be destroyed with high efficiency. The relevance of de novo synthesis of PXDDs/PXDFs is discussed for this condition.Providing a basis for the understanding of PXDD/PXDF formation in actual thermal processes, the present paper also summarises the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) investigated during laboratory thermolysis experiments. Relevant mechanistic steps for PBDD/PBDF formation from brominated precursors are discussed including elimination reactions, condensation steps and debromination/hydrogenation reactions.In addition, chlorination/bromination and halogen exchange reactions are briefly discussed with respect for their relevance on the final distribution of PBDDs/PBDFs, mixed chlorinated PXDDs/PXDFs and PCDDs/PCDFs resulting from thermal processes.     

经济波动与最优城镇化水平和速度研究

城镇化对经济波动具有重要影响,过快和过慢均不利于经济的平稳发展。我国经济新常态客观上要求实施新型城镇化战略,关键是积极稳妥推进城镇化,科学控制城镇化水平和速度。以宏观经济稳定为目标,确定最优城镇化规则,诊断当前城镇化水平和速度,可为落实新型城镇化,稳定宏观经济提供决策参考。本文建立了附加城镇化变量的后顾型宏观经济模型,利用最优控制理论求解基于宏观经济波动最小化的最优城镇化水平和速度决定规则,实证结果表明:我国人口城镇化速度主要对宏观总需求产生影响,而土地城镇化速度既影响总需求也影响总供给;最优城镇化速度规则对总产出缺口负反馈,对通胀缺口正反馈。在此基础上,进一步模拟了1990-2013年间最优人口城镇化、土地城镇化水平以及相应的总产出和通胀波动情况,模拟结果显示:最优城镇化水平和速度规则具有逆经济周期的特征,为保持经济平稳发展,经济过度繁荣时城镇化应减速,经济衰退时应加速城镇化,我国历史上城镇化速度和水平存在较大的优化空间;最优城镇化水平和速度规则会小幅度降低城镇化进程和总产出的平滑性,但会大幅度抑制通胀波动,总体来看使总福利损失下降约三分之一;当前我国人口城镇化水平超前速度过快,土地城镇化水平偏低速度过慢。建议"十三五"期间,政府应该根据宏观经济波动情况适当控制人口城镇化速度,加快推进土地城镇化,提高土地城镇化水平和质量,同时应制定相应的财政政策和货币政策以促进最优城镇化规则发挥其降低宏观经济波动功能。     

中国工业化进程与能源矿产供需均衡的研究

工业化与能源需求的均衡关系及解决工业化进程中能源供需失衡的战略途径是中国工业化进程中需要探讨的重大问题.文章运用协整技术,就1990-2008年间中国工业化进程与能源需求协整关系的检验,认为中国工业化与能源需求增长具有长期稳定的均衡关系,能源需求将继续保持增长,能源利用效率也将持续提高.然而工业化进程中重工业化高能耗结构特征与能源低效利用并存的困境以及能源供需矛盾不利于能源供需平衡的平稳发展.我国应适应工业化进程的基本规律,转变能源消费方式;走新型工业化道路,适当限制低附加值产业发展,鼓励产业向离附加值、低能耗、高技术产业转移;在实现能源开发利用技术进步和创新的同时.有效利用国内外能源资源;建立能源应急机制等战略途径来实现工业化进程中能源供需平衡发展.     

我国探矿权资产化、证券化的模式及设想

探矿权资产化、证券化是我国改革探矿业投融资体制，解决探矿业资金瓶颈问题的关键。本文从制度建设、机构投资者的发展状况等方面分析了我国初步推行探矿权资产化、证券化的有利条件．指出了探矿权资产化、证券化的三种模式。并以基金模式和股权模式为例提出了实施探矿权资产化、证券化的步骤设想。