关于建立资源与环境快速反应系统的探讨

本文阐述了国家快速反应系统的概念及其作用。以建立资源与环境快速反应系统为例,说明建立系统的必要性、系统的内容、组成及技术指示。     

节能减排调控模型的系统仿真与目标优化

基于略阳县灾后恢复重建与振兴全县经济的需要和国家、陕西省有关节能减排战略部署的实情，对略阳经济发展现状和环境质量进行分析后，认为采取一定的调控措施，可实现协调灾后恢复重建地区经济与完成地区节能减排的目标。研究首先构建适合略阳县的节能减排系统动力学调控模型，通过选取产业结构调节系数和环保投资比重的不同组合，设定4种情景方案进行仿真，并对仿真结果进行目标优化，比选出较为适合的节能减排调控策略。研究认为，描述变量之间关系的方程和关键参数的确定对于系统动力学建模的质量至关重要，设定不同情景对模型进行仿真和目标优化可为定量决策和科学调控提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：在近期（2010~2012年），采取激励主导工业发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于灾后略阳经济尽快恢复和发展，同时兼顾节能减排任务的完成；在中期（2013~2016年）和远期（2017~2020年），采取主导工业平稳发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于全县按照循环经济发展模式，实现可持续健康协调发展。同时，研究结果还给出了备选方案和规避方案作为决策参考。     

树立系统的资源观：实施可持续发展的前提和关键

资源供给与需求的尖锐矛盾,决定了资源是可持续发展思想产生与发展的源动力,也是可持续发展最终目标订立的重要着眼点,树立科学的资源观则是可持续发展得以实现的前提和关键。     

水生态文明建设系统要素的体系模型构建研究

水生态文明是生态文明的核心部分,水生态文明程度的高低,直接影响整个生态文明建设的进程。作为一项开拓性工作,当前亟须构建水生态文明建设的要素体系,并给出对系统关键要素进行识别及对系统要素作用机制进行动态性分析的方法。论文整合水生态文明建设的社会属性和自然属性,探究了水生态文明建设中系统要素的类型、存在形式及其传导机理,构建了包括水安全、水生态、水环境、水利用、水管理、水文化六大要素的水生态文明建设系统要素体系模型。为了验证水生态文明建设体系模型,并发掘关键要素,论文以山东省淮河流域为例,选择了22项该区域水生态文明建设体系模型中的要素,经过统计分析,得到了5项系统关键要素及其重要性排序。为更加深入细致的考察水生态文明建设系统要素的相互作用机理,论文选取前2位关键要素水利用因子和水生态环境因子为例,使用Vensim平台模拟绘制出山东省淮河流域水利用因子和水生态环境因子的系统动力学模型,综合考虑存量、速率变量与辅助变量三种变量的动力学作用关系,对该区域水生态文明建设系统关键要素的作用机制进行了分析,并从动态视角为区域内相关部门的决策制定提供了建议。研究结果表明,水生态文明建设对经济社会发展具有深远意义,将水生态文明建设系统要素归结为水安全、水生态、水环境、水利用、水管理、水文化六大要素体系模型的做法具有理论基础与实证支持,可以为政府相关管理部门对水生态文明建设的评价和管理提供方向,系统动力学分析可用于对特定区域关键影响因素的动态作用关系分析,进而发现提升水生态文明建设水平的途径。     

山区生态经济综合区划的新方法探讨──以湖南怀化市为例

山区生态经济综合区划，针对山区资源丰富但生态脆弱的特色，使之既符合生态环境的合理性，又有利于社会经济的发展。以怀化市为例，以地域分异规律和山地系统理论为指导思想，根据生态环境和自然资源结构、社会经济特征和区域综合发展方向（ＰＲＥＤ系统综合评价）等相对一致性、时限性、宏观区域框架与地域类型相结合和区域共轭性等原则，采取自下而上（Ｂｏｔｔｏｍｕｐ）和自上而下（Ｔｏｐ ｄｏｗｎ）两种设计思路４种方法，依托图文信息可视化系统（ＭＦＩＶＳ）等先进技术手段，选择适当的指标体系，进行综合评价和聚类分区。自下而上途径采用综合评价指标体系，即按照资源环境与社会经济相结合和空间跨度与时间跨度相结合等原则来设计指标体系（５个层次、５２个单项因子），然后进行系统聚类分析、星座聚类分析和模糊综合分析三种综合评价，各种评价结果相互验证，其结果大体一致。自上而下途径采用综合定性指标（在此选择纬度和交通位置）。综合两种途径４种方法的结果，怀化市生态经济综合区划为２区３亚区两个等级。经过具体尝试，得到的区划结果比较客观准确，也说明该方法是一种简洁实用而又行之有效的综合区划方法。     

基于系统动力学的湖南省水资源供需系统模拟研究

运用系统分析的理论和方法,建立湖南省水资源供需系统模型,仿真模拟传统发展型、发展经济型、节水型、协调型等4种不同方案条件下,2010~2030年湖南省水资源供需变化趋势。结果表明：（1）随着经济发展和人口增长,水资源供需矛盾将日趋紧张;（2）在协调型模式下,水资源供应基本能够满足社会经济发展的需要,且用水效率最高,是湖南省水资源开发利用的最优方案;（3）为了实现节水型社会建设目标,还需完善用水管理、优化经济结构、加快水利建设、加大循环利用和环境整治,提高节水技术水平和水资源保障水平     

江苏省环境系统特点及环境污染状况

江苏省自然特点为单一而脆弱,表面为平原为主,水域面积较大,山地少,森林覆盖率低,生物种类少,江苏省社会环境特点为人均资源少,经济基础好,交通发达,城市密集和人才优势明显;江苏省的废气,废水,固体,噪声污染日益严重。由于上述特点和原因,江苏省农业机械化,现代化程度较高,水产养殖业发达,但应进一步提高农业集约化程度和大力推广生态农业整治环境污染,利用天在河道进一步发展养殖业;江苏省工业轻,重并举以轻为     

三峡工程生态与环境监测系统的特点

长江三峡工程生态与环境监测系统是针对三峡工程可能引起的生态环境问题而建立的跨地区、跨部门、多学科、综合性和研究性的监测网络，自1996年建立以来，监测系统按照规定的监测指标体系和操作规范，对三峡生态环境进行全过程跟踪监测，取得了大量生态与环境数据及资料，为三峡生态与环境的监测与保护发挥了重要作用，为我国大型江河湖泊的综合性生态环境监测工作做出了积极探索和有益尝试。随着水库逐步转入正式运行期，三峡监测系统的监测重点也由为工程建设服务转向为工程运行服务阶段。通过对三峡工程监测系统发展至现阶段进行总结研究，梳理了三峡工程监测系统的特点、运行成效、示范意义等，最后指出了监测系统今后一个阶段内的发展方向     

论人口——经济系统的综合研究

研究人口——经济系统,首先从人口系统着手,并分别对各子系统进行分析和综合。对人口系统的研究着重于控制数量、强调人口素质,尤其是要求人口文化素质对科学技术转化生产力能够起到保证作用,其最终目的是促进社会经济的发展。     

复合系统的协调与可持续发展

本文从“生态—社会—经济”复合系统协调的角度探讨可持续发展问题,提出了复合系统定义下可持续发展的系统观点及系统特征,建立了概念模型,根据协调理论,分析了可持续发展的系统协调原则及内容     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.