Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain

Comparisons were made of metal concentrations in water and sediment with those in the muscle and livers of three species of fish caught in four seawater reservoirs (two in the Odiel estuary and two in the Bay of Cádiz). The concentrations of a large number of metals in the water, sediment and fish were higher in the Odiel reservoirs than in those in Cádiz. We found high metal-enrichment factors in the livers as compared to muscle (over 100 for Fe and Cu and around 5 for Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb). The three fish species showed differences in metal content. For example, eels accumulated more metals in muscle and grey mullet in the liver. The metal levels found in muscle in the three species were below the legal limits for human consumption, although Cu in the liver was above the limit in the three species taken from the Odiel reservoirs, and Zn levels in liver were over the maximum in eels from one of the Odiel marshes. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were obtained for the levels of numerous metals in water, sediment and fish.     

Partitioning of metals in sediments from the Odiel River (Spain)

The Odiel River runs through an area known as the Iberian pyrite belt in the province of Huelva in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula. Its waters are acidic and contain large amounts of heavy metals from erosion and mining activity. In addition, the Odiel River estuary is one of the most industrialized areas in southern Spain and, consequently, receives the discharge of industrial and urban waste. Seventeen sediment samples from the Odiel and its main tributaries were analyzed for this study. The chemical partitioning of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr and Co) in each sample was determined in four fractions (acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual). The total content of each of the metals was also determined. The results showed high concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, undoubtedly as a result of contamination from the mining and industrial activity mentioned above. However, the concentrations of the other metals analyzed were low since there are no sources of pollution by them in the Odiel River. Based on the chemical distribution of metals, we found that Cd, Zn and Cu are the most mobile metals (i.e., metals that can pass easily into the water under changing environmental conditions). Cd is the metal that showed the highest percentages in the acid-soluble fraction (the most labile) and the lowest in the residual fraction. However, Pb, Fe, Cr and Ni are present in the greatest percentages in the residual fraction, which implies that these metals are strongly linked to the sediments.     

丹江口水库典型库湾及支流沉积物重金属污染分析及生态风险评价

对丹江口水库上游汉江支流及库湾沉积物中6种重金属元素的污染特征进行分析,采用效应阈值标准(NYSDEC)和Lars Hkanson潜在生态风险指数评价重金属的污染程度和环境风险。研究表明,库湾沉积物与支流沉积物中Ni、Pb含量较为接近;库湾沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn含量分别高达186、2712、9991、4783 mg/kg,均超过支流沉积物中相应重金属含量2倍以上。各采样点表层（0~10 cm）沉积物中Pb含量均低于LEL值（最低效应阈值）,Cd、Ni含量均介于LEL值和SEL值（最高效应阈值）之间,而Cr、Cu、Zn含量均有超过SEL值的现象发生。考察沉积物重金属的富集程度发现各采样点表层沉积物中Ni和Pb均未发生富集,而Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn均存在不同程度的富集,其平均富集系数分别为712、180、163和284。根据重金属含量的相关性可知Ni和Pb主要来自于天然地球化学来源,而Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn则主要受人为源影响。以丹江口库区土壤（黄棕壤）中重金属背景值为参比,发现表层沉积物总体处于高生态风险,且以Cd生态风险为主;参与评价的5种重金属潜在生态风险程度顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Pb     

盲数优化地积累模型评价长江中下游湖泊沉积物重金属污染

盲数优化地积累模型是基于最大隶属度原则和隶属度加权相结合的一种不确定性评价方法。鉴于污染评价系统多种不确定信息共存的特点,将盲数优化地积累模型应用于长江中下游不同类型湖泊沉积物中重金属污染程度评价中。根据计算出的可能值区间及可信度看空间分布的均匀性,以及评价等级的可信度水平,辨识污染程度和等级,减小局部污染对区域整体污染程度的影响。结果表明:象湖、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖3个湖泊表层沉积物中的重金属的空间分布都不均匀,象湖表层沉积物中重金属的污染情况为:PbCuZn,其中Pb为中度污染,Cu为轻度污染,Zn为清洁;鄱阳湖沉积物中重金属污染评价结果为Cu﹥Pb﹥Zn,其中Cu为中度污染,Pb为偏中度污染,Zn为偏重污染;洞庭湖沉积物中重金属污染评价结果为Cu≈Pb≈Zn,且均为轻度污染。盲数优化地积累模型方法可行,与定性评价结果基本一致,但在对污染等级判定上更真实可靠。弥补了传统确定性方法的不足,更真实、更客观地表征了评价区域沉积物重金属的富集污染程度。     

长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属的空间分异及控制机制

利用盐酸羟氨-25%醋酸溶液，提取了长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属含量。研究发现，长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属占总量的百分含量依次为Cu 26%，Pb 36%，Fe 7%，Mn 49%，Zn 32%，Cr 14%和Al 16%，沉积物基本未受到Cr污染，其余重金属污染程度处于中等偏下水平。除Zn、Cr外，其余活性重金属在夏季沉积物中的含量明显低于春季，其主要原因是夏季风暴潮将大量细颗粒泥沙及其富集的重金属带离潮滩进入了河口水体中。受点源污染排放及沉积物粒度影响，活性重金属在长江口南岸的浒浦、顾路和浦东机场出现峰值含量，且高潮滩含量明显高于中、低潮滩。在垂向上，重金属一般在沉积物表层或亚表层形成富集。在口门附近的滨岸潮滩沉积物中，Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受早期成岩作用的控制，在污染较为严重、水动力作用相对较弱的潮滩沉积物中，Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受沉积物中有机质含量变化的控制.     

江阴市典型河流沉积物重金属污染和风险评价

在摸清河流表层沉积物重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As)含量的基础上,利用综合污染指数和地累积指数评价其污染状况,计算潜在生态风险和人体健康风险。结果表明,江阴市河流沉积物已经受到重金属污染企业和城市径流双重影响,Cu、Zn、Pb峰值在汛期,As、Cr峰值在非汛期;污染负荷指数和地累积指数评价结果显示非汛期污染略轻,地累积指数法引入背景波动参数而使其评价结果较乐观。重金属潜在生态风险都为轻微风险级别;致癌风险处于10~(-3)数量级,非致癌风险数量级为10~(-7),致癌风险为人体健康风险主要承担者。潜在生态风险汛期高,人体健康风险非汛期高,这可能是重金属元素对致癌风险以及生态风险的贡献不同所致。     

滴水湖沉积物中重金属污染特征与评价

分析滴水湖及其周边沉积物中Hg、As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr等7种重金属含量特征，并用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和主成分分析法对沉积物中的重金属污染状况进行了评价和分析。结果表明，滴水湖沉积物中As和Pb低于上海市潮滩背景值，Hg、Cd、Zn和Cr均高于潮滩背景值，50%样点的Cu高于潮滩背景值；地累积指数法评价结果表明滴水湖沉积物中Cr的平均污染水平为偏中污染，Hg、Cd和Zn为轻度污染，As、Cu和Pb为清洁水平；潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明滴水湖沉积物重金属为中等生态风险，Hg和Cd是潜在生态风险的主要贡献元素；主成分分析结果表明，滴水湖沉积物中Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr主要来自于人为源，As主要来自底质滩涂     

Characterisation of heavy metal discharge into the Ria of Huelva

The Ria of Huelva estuary, in SW Spain, is known to be one of the most heavy metal contaminated estuaries in the world. River contribution to the estuary of dissolved Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and As were analysed for the period 1988-2001. The obtained mean values show that this contribution, both because of the magnitude of total metals (895.1 kg/h), composition, toxicity (8.7 kg/h of As+Cd+Pb) and persistence, is an incomparable case in heavy metal contamination of estuaries. The amount and typology of heavy metal discharge to the Ria of Huelva are related to freshwater flow (and, consequently, to rainfall); as a result, two different types of heavy metal discharge can be distinguished in the estuary: during low water (50% of the days), with only 19.3 kg/h of heavy metals, and during high water or flood (17% of the days), where daily maximum discharge of 72,475 kg of heavy metals were recorded, from which 1481 kg were of As, 470 kg of Pb, and 170 kg of Cd. In the most frequent situation (77% of the days), the Odiel River discharges from 90% to 100% of the freshwater received by the estuary. Despite this, the high concentration of heavy metals in the Tinto River water causes this river to discharge into the Ria of Huelva 12.5% of fluvial total dissolved metal load received by the estuary.     

Heavy metal contamination of brown seaweed and sediments from the UK coastline between the Wear river and the Tees river

The concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Ag were determined in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus and intertidal surface sediments from coastal locations of northeast England. Levels of heavy metals similar to those of polluted areas of the British coastline were detected. There is evidence of contamination (especially with Zn and Pb) in sediments from sites affected by colliery spoil and from the Wear estuary. The pelitic fraction ( < 63 microm) is usually more enriched in heavy metals, but it represents a very small percentage of the bulk samples. The fine-grained sand is a very important repository of contaminants especially where particles of colliery spoil, secondary mineral, and amorphous phases are present. Aqua regia-extracted Zn, Cu, and Pb in sediments are significantly correlated with those in seaweed. Despite the closure of all base metal and coal mines, and the cessation of many industrial activities in the region, sediments and brown algae are contaminated with heavy metals. The control site (Holy Island) and the Tees estuary appear to be the least affected.     

Metal concentrations in mussel Crenomytilus grayanus and oyster Crassostrea gigas in relation to contamination of ambient sediments

The relationship between Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni concentrations in soft tissues of mussels and oysters and those in ambient sediments was examined. The study area was the coastal habitats of the northwestern Sea of Japan, which has a broad range of contamination due to urban sewage. Significant increases of all metals, except Ni, were observed in mussel Crenomytilus grayanus at concentrations of easily leachable metals in ambient sediments higher than 2, 100, and 800 microg/g for Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively. Pb was accumulated by the mussels with no distinct threshold in Pb contamination of sediments. After 2 months, C. grayanus transplanted from a pristine to a contaminated locality increased in Pb up to 12%, and Cu up to 68% of concentrations of these metals in the contaminated local mussels, but Zn and Cd concentrations increased only in the excretory tissue, not in the somatic tissue, or in the soft tissue as a whole. Such regulation of metal accumulation puts limitations on the use of C. grayanus for monitoring of slightly and moderately contaminated localities. On the other hand, the oyster Crassostrea gigas showed definite accumulation of all metals, except Ni, at moderate contamination of ambient sediments. As contamination of sediments increased, increases of Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations in C. gigas slowed, possibly due to physiological control at very high metal concentrations in oyster soft tissue. Thus, the mussel C. grayanus should be used mainly for the monitoring of heavy contaminated localities, and the oyster C. gigas is more suitable as an indicator of low and moderate contamination.     

天沙河沉积物中重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

采集天沙河表层沉积物,检测其中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 6种重金属的含量,分别采用内梅罗指数法(NI)、地累积指数法、Hakanson生态风险指数法和淡水生态系统沉积物基准法(SQGs)对沉积物中重金属污染的特征和生态风险进行评价,并对几种评价方法进行比较。结果表明：鉴于各采样点重金属的污染特征,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法所得结果一致,杜阮河段、白沙河段及天沙河上游污染较严重,天沙河中下游污染程度相对较低;就各重金属的污染特征而言,采用地累积指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法所得结果基本一致,Cd和Cu污染较严重,其次是Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr;而采用SQGs法的风险评价与其它方法所得结果存在一定差异,其主要原因是SQGs法基于污染物的生物毒性效应,而其他方法多反映单一重金属污染效应或多种重金属综合污染效应     

三峡库区香溪河库湾沉积物重金属污染特征

2010年3月在三峡水库香溪河库湾获取了无扰动沉积物柱状样,在香溪河口的长江干流(长江右岸)获取了表层沉积物样,现场进行了环境因子测量和室内粒度分析、矿物分析、重金属元素含量分析。沉积物矿物以绿泥石、伊利石和石英为主,占到全部矿物的65%左右。柱状沉积物pH值随深度增加呈现变小的趋势,Eh值也有随深度减少的趋势,反映了环境还原性加强。R-型因子分析结果表明:重金属元素的含量随粒径变细、绿泥石和伊利石含量增加而增加,而随石英、白云石含量增加而降低;且重金属元素含量变化与pH值密切相关,当pH值下降时部分重金属容易重新释放出来而进入环境中。库湾下游具有较中上游高得多的重金属含量,沉积物中重金属的污染程度为无污染到轻度污染,且轻度污染出现于下游至干流。三峡水库蓄水前香溪河沉积物中重金属含量顺序大致为Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd,而蓄水后香溪河及干流沉积物均表现为Cu含量高于Pb。     

Assessment of heavy metal cations in sediments of Shing Mun River, Hong Kong

The extent of heavy metal cation contamination in the Shing Mun River has been assessed. Sediment samples were taken at eight strategic locations along the river system. The highest concentrations of copper (Cu, 1.66 mg/g), lead (Pb, 0.354 mg/g), zinc (Zn, 2.2 mg/g) and chromium (Cr, 0.047 mg/g) were found in the Fo Tan Nullah, a major tributary of the Shing Mun River. The highest concentrations of aluminum (114 mg/g) and cadmium (Cd, 0.047 mg/g) were found in the Shing Mun Main River Channel. These contaminated sediments, accumulated over the years on the river bed, could act as secondary sources of pollution to the overlying water column in the river.     

江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为揭示江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征,采集江苏省8个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,测定了8种重金属的含量,并利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属的污染现状以及潜在生态风险程度进行评价。结果表明:江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为634~1 031、66~138、76.0~97.5、39.2~56.3、25.2~50.1、9.9~27.1、0.15~2.98、24.6~51.6mg/kg。地积累指数法评价结果表明,Cd是江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中最主要的污染物,Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Ni在一些湖泊为轻度污染,Mn和Cr处于无污染水平。Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,各湖泊综合潜在生态风险程度的高低顺序为:长荡湖石臼湖白马湖滆湖高邮湖洪泽湖澄湖骆马湖,长荡湖达到严重生态风险水平,石臼湖存在重生态风险,白马湖与滆湖处在中等生态风险水平,而骆马湖、洪泽湖、高邮湖以及澄湖重金属污染则处于低生态风险水平。     

Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru lake by edible fish

Kolleru lake is the largest fresh water lake in the districts of East and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh, India. Many anthropogenic sources contribute to the heavy metal pollution in the lake and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish helps in assessing the aquatic pollution. Total contents and fractionation of selected heavy metals, viz., Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co were measured in sediment sample and three edible fish. The investigation aimed at revealing differences in the accumulation pattern of heavy metals in fish inhabiting sediments characterized by varying metal bioavailability. The metal concentrations were found to be greater than the background concentrations of sediments indicating the anthropogenic origin of metals. Good recovery values were obtained for metal contents in sediments and fish. Large fractions of Zn, Cd and Cu were associated with mobile fraction of sediment and showed greater bioaccumulation in fish whereas Ni and Co were least mobilisable. The results clearly indicate that the fish of Kolleru lake are contaminated with metals and not advisable for human consumption.     

长江口洋山海域表层沉积物重金属的富积及其潜在生态风险评价

根据长江口洋山海域表层沉积物监测资料，利用变异系数法和富积系数法，对表层沉积物中重金属的空间波动程度及富积程度进行了分析，并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行了评价。结果表明：在表层沉积物所监测的重金属中，Pb元素的空间波动程度最高，其它重金属元素的空间波动程度较低，各重金属空间波动程度的顺序依次为Pb＞Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞As＞Zn；沉积物中Cu元素的富积程度最高，Pb元素次之，其它重金属元素的富积程度较低，各重金属富积程度的顺序依次为Cu＞Pb＞Zn＞As＞Cr＞Cd＞Hg。潜在生态危害评价结果显示：洋山海域表层沉积物中的重金属对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害较轻微，均属于轻微潜在生态危害程度，其轻微潜在生态危害程度顺序为Cu＞As＞Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Zn。     

Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction

Twelve elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cd and Pb) in 24 sediment samples at eight sites (S1-S8) from the East China Sea were analyzed with the BCR sequential extraction (SE) protocol to obtain the metal distribution patterns in this region. The results showed that the heavy metal pollutions in S4 and S8 were more severe than in other sampling sites, especially Cd and Pb pollution. In the top sediments at S4 and S8, both the total contents and the most dangerous non-residual fractions of Cd and Pb were extremely high. More than 90% of the total concentrations of V, Cr, Mo and Sn existed in the residual fraction. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn mainly (more than 60%) occurred in the residual fraction. While Mn, Pb and Cd dominantly presented in the non-residual fractions in the top sediments. The metal distribution patterns with depth and the correlations between total organic carbon (TOC) and the total Fe-Mn content were also investigated. The results showed that, for most of the elements except Fe, the concentration of elements in fraction A in the top sediments was higher than that in other depth. The similar rule was also found in fraction B but not in fraction C. Besides, the distributions of V, Cd in fraction B and Pb, Cd, Cu in fraction C might be affected by TOC.     

“城郊乡”梯度下土壤Cu、Zn、Pb含量的空间变异特征

为揭示城市化、工业化等人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响,选择能反映上海城郊乡梯度差异的中心城区、城郊结合部和远郊,采用地统计学方法对表层土壤样品Cu、Zn、Pb的空间变异结构和分布特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:城市土壤Pb、Cu、Zn的变异系数范围为0.24~0.62,均属中等变异强度。徐汇区土壤Cu、Pb、Zn符合正态分布,闵行区土壤Cu、Pb和Zn符合对数正态分布,奉贤区土壤Zn呈正态分布,土壤Cu、Pb符合对数正态分布。由中心城区到远郊,城市土壤Cu、Pb、Zn的各项统计特征值和变异系数均有较大差异,存在明显的空间分布差异。半方差函数分析结果表明,徐汇区作为中心城区,土壤Cu、Pb、Zn符合球状模型,土壤Cu、Zn具有强烈的空间相关性,土壤Pb具有明显的空间自相关。奉贤区以农业用地为主,土壤Pb符合线性模型,土壤Cu符合高斯模型,土壤Zn符合指数模型,具有强烈的空间相关性。闵行区地处城郊结合部,土壤Cu、Pb、Zn的半方差拟合模型均为线性模型,表现为纯块金形式,以随机变异为主,空间相关性弱。采用Kriging最优内插法进行无偏估值,绘制了表层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图,中心城区、城郊结合部、郊区土壤重金属的空间分布受城市化、工业化、城市交通等因素的影响,均表现出不同的空间分布规律。     

Heavy metals in sediments from Makupa and Port-Reitz Creek systems: Kenyan Coast

Copper, zinc, lead and cadmium heavy metals were determined in sediments from the Kenyan Coast. Sediment samples were obtained from Makupa and Port Reitz Creek systems. The samples were digested using concentrated hydrochloric acid and the metal content determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The method of analysis was evaluated using Soil-7 certified reference material (International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA). For comparison, sediment samples were also analysed using Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique and results obtained show good agreement. Higher metal concentrations were obtained in Makupa Creek sediments (Cu, 102+/-46.0; Zn, 1017+/-840; Pb, 103+/-35.8; Cd, 51.0+/-14.3) as compared to Port Reitz Creek system (Cu, 21.6+/-7.1; Zn, 57.1+/-17.9; Pb, 26.2+/-11.6; Cd, 1.38+/-0.7). There was significant (p=0.05) variation in the elemental concentrations between and within sites. Industrial activities and a nearby municipal dumpsite were associated with the higher elemental concentrations particularly in Makupa Creek.     

Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1997-1998

During the period 1997-1998, macroalgae, sea snail, mussel, fish and sediment samples were collected at different stations of the Turkish Black Sea coast in order to establish the concentration of selected heavy metals. Heavy metals analyzed were Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb and Cu. The results showed that the Turkish Black Sea coast is facing heavy metal pollution. The metal concentrations in macroalgae, sea snail, mussel and sediment samples are very high. However, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations in anchovy fish decreased, while Co, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn and Ni contents had changed when compared previous data. The metal levels in macroalgae did not follow the same pattern as concentrations in sediments at the same station. On the other hand, concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in sea snail, mussel and fish samples were related to sediment data in the examined stations.