基于农户调查的农村居民点整理意愿及影响因素分析

农村居民点整理是促进节约集约用地的重要举措。以抽样调查获取的424份调查问卷为基础,构建了包括农户个人特征、家庭经济状况、家庭住房状况、其它因素在内的Logistic模型,分析了农户居民点整理意愿及影响因素。研究显示:(1)研究区域农村居民点整理意愿不强烈,仅41.5%的农户愿意居民点整理,其主要原因是担心生活成本增加、失去生活保障以及恋土情结等;(2)农户住房套数、与邻居血缘关系、家庭承包经营耕地面积、家庭收入、农户职业类型等都是影响农村居民点整理意愿的主要因素,其中家庭住房套数越多、收入越高、与邻居血缘关系越远的农户整理意愿越强烈,而年龄越大、家庭人口越多、以农业为主的农户则越不愿意整理搬迁;(3)为有效推进居民点整理工作,应切实从农民利益角度出发,努力提高拆迁补偿标准,建立健全社会保障机制,同时加大农村土地制度改革探索。     

农户分化、城镇住房对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响

通过对武汉城市圈9市10个乡镇16个行政村483名农户的调查,运用描述性统计分析方法和Logistic模型分析法,深入分析农户分化、城镇住房对宅基地有偿退出意愿的影响规律.研究结果表明:(1)农户分化对宅基地退出意愿具有促进作用,且随着农户分化程度深化,其影响效果逐步加强;(2)城镇住房居住效应对农户宅基地退出意愿具有正向影响,财富效应表现为负向影响,总效应为正向促进作用;(3)城镇住房对不同分化程度农户宅基地退出意愿的影响存在显著差异,由纯农型农户向非农型农户转型过程中,城镇住房促进作用逐步加强,但在部分特征样本群中其影响效果存在"瓶颈期".鉴于此,为促进农户参与宅基地有偿退出,应继续推进农村非农经济发展,提升农户非农就业水平,同时将住房保障政策与宅基地退出制度安排长期有效匹配,在通过社会整体制度安排为农户家庭提供非农经济基础与社会保障条件的基础上,有序开展和推进宅基地退出工作.     

基于农户调查的农村居民点整理意愿及影响因素分析

农村居民点整理是促进节约集约用地的重要举措。以抽样调查获取的424份调查问卷为基础,构建了包括农户个人特征、家庭经济状况、家庭住房状况、其它因素在内的Logistic模型,分析了农户居民点整理意愿及影响因素。研究显示：(1)研究区域农村居民点整理意愿不强烈,仅41.5%的农户愿意居民点整理,其主要原因是担心生活成本增加、失去生活保障以及恋土情结等;(2)农户住房套数、与邻居血缘关系、家庭承包经营耕地面积、家庭收入、农户职业类型等都是影响农村居民点整理意愿的主要因素,其中家庭住房套数越多、收入越高、与邻居血缘关系越远的农户整理意愿越强烈,而年龄越大、家庭人口越多、以农业为主的农户则越不愿意整理搬迁;(3)为有效推进居民点整理工作,应切实从农民利益角度出发,努力提高拆迁补偿标准,建立健全社会保障机制,同时加大农村土地制度改革探索     

农户参与农地流转行为影响因素及经济效应分析

在大力推进农业现代化的背景下,探讨农地流转对农户家庭经济效应的影响,为农户权益保障提供参考。采用二值选择Bivariate Probit模型分析农户参与农地流转行为的影响因素,并根据农户家庭经济收支状况,利用Match模型评估农地流转行为给农户家庭带来的经济效应。研究结果表明:(1)农户家庭劳动力比重、受教育程度、人均耕地、农田生态环境等资源禀赋是影响农地流转的关键因素;(2)地区经济发展水平与农地规模经营相辅相成、互相促进,能够有力推动农业现代化建设;(3)农地转入或转出对农户家庭经济效益并未产生决定性影响,农户根据家庭实际选择恰当的农地流转方式才能有效提升家庭经济福利水平。建议着力完善农地流转市场机制和农村社会保障制度,借助市场力量实现土地经营权有序流转,切实尊重农户意愿及保障农户权益。     

农田生态补偿方式的选择及市场运作——基于武汉市383户农户问卷的实证研究

选择交易成本低、具有操作性的补偿方式,实现农田生态产品的市场运作,是农田生态补偿制度实施的关键。利用问卷调查资料,分析了武汉市农户对不同农田生态补偿方式的认知、选择以及其影响因素,在此基础上指出了政府补偿方式在农田生态补偿领域的缺陷及引进市场方式的建议。研究表明:(1)武汉市农户对农田生态补偿的认知程度较低,仅有10.71%的受访农户听说过生态补偿、生态危机等概念;(2)49.02%农户对现行的现金补偿方式不太满意,认为补偿金额太低,94.65%的受访者更倾向于接受更高额度的现金补偿方式;(3)农户对现金、实物、技术(智力)、政策等农田生态补偿方式的选择偏好受其性别、年龄、家庭人口、家庭年收入、家庭中需抚养人口数和文化程度的显著影响。研究提出构建农田生态补偿的交易平台、完善生态环境物品数量化的体系设计和管理模式的多样化是推进农田生态补偿的市场化运作的关键。     

食品安全:消费者的标识选择与自我保护行为

本文构建了消费者在实现食品安全需求过程中所采取的标识选择行为和自我保护行为的理论分析框架,"标识选择行为"指消费者购买具有食品安全认证的食品,"自我保护行为"指消费者在购买中或购买后对食品采取的后续加工处理行为。以新鲜蔬菜作为研究对象。本文在北京市开展消费者行为调查,并收集有效问卷463份。统计结果显示,有76%的消费者在最近一个月内购买过认证蔬菜,有85%的消费者在食用蔬菜前采取过自我保护措施。考虑到两种行为的"截断性"特征和"似无关性"联系,本文采用二元Tobit模型进行了计量分析,计量估计结果显示,行为效率因素和收入因素对消费者购买认证蔬菜和采取自我保护措施都具有显著的影响作用。消费者对任一种行为的知识水平和信任程度对消费者采用该行为实现食品需求具有显著的促进作用。而收入因素对两种行为的影响效果存在显著差异:表现为非工资性收入对两种行为都具有促进作用,而工资性收入对"标识选择行为"具有正向影响,而对自我保护行为则具有负向影响。说明相对于标识选择,自我保护属于"劳动密集型"的策略,工资率越高,自我保护的机会成本越高,因而消费者采取的自我保护行为强度越低。此外,不同年龄的消费者实现食品安全需求的途径有所差异:年龄低的消费者会倾向于选择购买更多的认证蔬菜,年龄高的消费者会倾向于选择采取更高强度的自我保护措施。根据本文的研究结论,通过开展消费者教育和培植消费者信任都有助于实现消费者的食品安全需求,而促进收入对消费者食品安全需求行为的影响则并不确定。     

基于有序Logistic回归的水库移民住房感知实证研究

针对水利工程移民的住房感知问题和住房感知等级为定序变量的特点,基于有序logistic回归分析理论,构建移民住房感知的有序logistic回归模型,并针对浯溪口水利枢纽工程移民进行实证研究。主要结论如下:1施肥种类、最高教育水平和家庭年收入对移民住房感知存在显著正向作用,水源种类对移民住房感知存在显著负向作用。2施肥种类要素分析表明,当地移民生活对农业生产依赖性较高,且移民对区域交通状态改变预期是导致其住房感知差异化的主要因素。3最高教育水平要素分析表明,教育程度越高,移民住房感知越高。4水源要素分析表明,移民对水源的获取难度和成本的预期越差,其住房感知越差。5家庭年收入要素分析表明,家庭年收入越高,移民对未来的预期越好,其住房感知越高,经济发展是解决移民问题的基础。     

中国家庭储蓄率反生命周期之谜——基于竞争性储蓄视角的分析

我国居民高水平的储蓄率和快速的人口老龄化进程都是当前重要的基本国情,因此我国人口年龄转变对储蓄率的影响是值得深入探讨的重要命题。通过运用中国家庭追踪调查数据进行分析,发现我国城镇地区户主年龄同家庭储蓄率表现出与现有文献中发达国家不同的反生命周期现象,即随着户主年龄增加,家庭储蓄率经历先下降后上升的过程,呈现"U型"曲线关系。回归结果表明,竞争性储蓄行为提高了我国城镇居民特别是老年城镇居民家庭的储蓄率。因此,竞争性储蓄理论可以有效地解释我国家庭储蓄率的反生命周期现象。有成年未婚男性成员的家庭,会增加家庭储蓄率,并且未婚男性成员年龄越大,家庭储蓄率越高。然而有成年未婚女性成员的家庭并未表现出这一现象。相反,当成年未婚女性成员年龄较小时,其家庭储蓄率反而下降。为未婚家庭成员购买婚房,是竞争性储蓄行为的关键目标。对于拥有两套或多套住房的家庭,并不会表现出竞争性储蓄行为;相反,对于只拥有一套房产或无房产的家庭则表现出了竞争性储蓄行为。房屋价格是影响竞争性储蓄行为的重要因素,房屋价格的升高会显著提高老年家庭的储蓄率。上述研究结论的政策含义:为缓解竞争性储蓄压力,促进总体消费水平提高,政府应当从购买住房这一竞争性储蓄的主要目标入手解决,一方面继续坚决打击囤积房源、恶意炒房等行为,另一方面采取加快多渠道住房供应、完善城镇住房保障体系等措施,抑制房价的过快上升。     

中国城市住宅售租比时空分异格局及影响机制

以2009～2017年中国336个地级以上城市为基本研究单元,利用空间趋势面和探索性空间回归技术(ESDA)对中国城市住宅售租比的空间分布进行模拟和估计,并利用地理探测器模型从城市的经济因素、人口因素、社会因素和预期因素4大方面探析售租比时空分异的影响机制。结果表明:中国城市住宅售租比整体呈波动式上升的态势,空间分布呈现出"东高西低"、"东热西冷"的阶梯状格局,且住宅价格、住宅租金和售租比均存在明显的空间正相关性和较强的区域集聚性。收入水平和工资水平是影响售租比最大的因素,住宅预期、人口吸引力、租赁户比重、家庭规模、经济预期等也是影响售租比的重要因素,经济因素、人口因素、预期因素和社会因素的解释力依次减弱,4大因素相互联系、相互作用,形成中国售租比的时空分异格局。     

公共租赁住房项目建设生态环境影响评价——以济南市西蒋峪片区为例

在分析济南市西蒋峪片区公共租赁住房评价区生态环境现状的基础上,从土地利用、生物、水土流失和景观类型等方面分析了施工期和运营期项目对生态环境的影响,在此基础上提出了公租房建设中的景观生态建设和植被保护与恢复等生态保护和恢复的对策。     

A meta-analysis of residential water demand studies

Although widely studied, the residential water demand remains a controversial issue. The purpose of the current study is to investigate systematic variations across related studies using meta-analysis approach. Particularly, a meta-analytical regression is performed to assess the sensitivity of the price, income and household size elasticities to a number of characteristics including demand specification, data characteristics, price specification, tariff structure, functional form, estimation technique and location of demand. The empirical results of the study reveal that these characteristics have differing influence on the reported elasticities. Obviously, these findings lie in their importance for regulators and policy makers and for academics alike. Among others, two important conclusions emerge. First, water use in summer and winter seasons and water use for indoor and outdoor purposes are found to be important factors affecting the price elasticity. This suggests that peak-load water pricing may be an effective tool for managing water demand. Second, the three elasticities tend to be differently estimated across various regions of the world as well as between developed and developing countries. Therefore, decision makers in a given country would not rely on the findings of studies conducted on other countries in formulating their policies.     

不同类型农户对宅基地退出的响应

利用重庆市梁平县农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型,探讨了户籍制度改革下不同类型农户宅基地退出意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)在现有退地补偿政策下农户意愿普遍偏低,不同类型农户退地意愿存在一定的差异性;(2)影响纯农户宅基地退出的因素有户主年龄、家庭拥有的房屋数量、对政策的支持度和退地收益;影响Ⅰ兼业户宅基地退出的因素有家庭宅基地面积大小、对政策的支持度和退地收益;影响Ⅱ兼业户宅基地退出的因素有家庭小孩数、对政策的支持度和退地收益;影响非农户宅基地退出的因素有户主年龄、户主文化程度、家庭人口数、宅基地面积和退地收益;其中,退地收益是影响各类农户退地决策最显著的因素,对政策的支持度是农户退地决策影响力最大的因素。研究认为,影响各类农户退地决策的因素存在差异,其核心问题还在于退地政策。政府应根据不同类型农户的特征完善目前的农村宅基地退出政策,这有助于提高农户的参与意愿,顺利推进户籍制度和农村土地制度的改革     

农地非农化中不同利益主体博弈行为分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,城市的加剧扩张和建设用地需求的不断增长而带来的农地非农化在近年来表现得尤为突出,已经严重影响着我国的粮食安全和生态安全.因此,从决策主体行为出发,研究农地非农化问题,对于我国城市化的正常推进以及农地的有效保护具有重要的现实意义.本文从博弈论的角度探讨农地非农化过程中相关利益主体的行为倾向和博弈关系.研究结果表明:(1)中央政府应该加大给予地方政府和农民进行耕地保护的奖励以及提高违规的惩罚力度,抑制农地非农化的速度,遏制违法占用,提高土地的利用率,减少耕地资源的闲置和浪费;(2)中央政府和地方政府应完善相关政策,缩小城乡土地价格差异,提高征地补偿标准,逐步建立公正的补偿机制和科学合理的补偿标准;(3)地方政府应进行土地利用制度和模式的创新,注重力拓土地后备资源,盘活存量资源,减少建设占用农地,不仅能有效地解决经济建设和耕地保护的两难困境,而且能有效地保护生态环境,实现土地资源的可持续合理利用.     

经济发达地区镇域农村居民点演变驱动力空间差异研究

采用Logistic回归分析法、对比分析法等，以地处经济发达地区的陆渡镇及浏河镇为例，从镇域尺度探讨农村居民点演变驱动机理及其空间差异。结果显示：（1）两镇农村居民点减少的一般因素中农民人均纯收入、人均居民点面积均具有正向作用，到城镇的距离具有负向作用，3者作用大小具有区域差异，农村工业发展及到公路的距离对不同地区作用方向不同；而粮食产量仅对陆渡镇有负向作用；（2）两镇农村居民点增加的一般因素中农民人均纯收入、农业发展均具有正向作用，而到公路的距离、基本农田则具有负向作用，4者作用方向及程度排序一致；而除一般因素及到城镇的距离外的其他因素均为特殊因素。研究表明，农村居民点变化驱动力及其作用程度与方向具有区域差异性；为优化农村居民点布局，应把握不同地区农村居民点演变驱动力机理的空间差异，制定差别化政策措施     

Expansion and Change of Rural Settlements in Traditional Agricultural Regions： Based on Village Investigation in Pingdu County

The rural settlements accounted for a great proportion of overall building land in China, but it still expanded in recent years along with urbanization and gradually decreasing rural population. To explore the reason for this phenomenon, an analysis has been made based on the investigation in a traditional agricultural region. This study found that socioeconomic factors, including the scale of families and its quantity, the improvement of rural public infrastructure, the change of population and the pressure of arable land, have effects on the expansion. The view on land tenure which has shaped in farmers minds in the long haul makes them dispose their houses cautiously, and this was the main cause of the fact that one household own more than one plot. In addition, the limitations of rural land institution are unconducive to inspiriting the transfer of farmers＇ building land and redevelopment of the idle housing land.     

Factors influencing recovery and restoration following a chemical incident

Chemicals are an important part of our society. A wide range of chemicals are discharged into the environment every day from residential, commercial and industrial sources. Many of these discharges do not pose a threat to public health or the environment. However, global events have shown that chemical incidents or accidents can have severe consequences on human health, the environment and society. It is important that appropriate tools and technical guidance are available to ensure that a robust and efficient approach to developing a remediation strategy is adopted. The purpose of remediation is to protect human health from future exposure and to return the affected area back to normal as soon as possible. There are a range of recovery options (techniques or methods for remediation) that are applicable to a broad range of chemicals and incidents. Recovery options should be evaluated according to their appropriateness and efficacy for removing contaminants from the environment; however economic drivers and social and political considerations often influence decision makers on which remedial actions are implemented during the recovery phase of a chemical incident. To date, there is limited information in the literature on remediation strategies and recovery options that have been implemented following a chemical incident, or how successful they have been. Additional factors that can affect the approach taken for recovery are not well assessed or understood by decision makers involved in the remediation and restoration of the environment following a chemical incident. The identification of this gap has led to the development of the UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents to provide a framework for choosing an effective recovery strategy. A compendium of practical evidence-based recovery options (techniques or methods for remediation) for inhabited areas, food production systems and water environments has also been developed and is included in the chemical handbook. This paper presents the key factors that should be considered when developing a recovery strategy with respect to how these may impact on its effectiveness. The paper also highlights the importance of these factors through an evaluation of recovery strategies implemented following real chemical incidents that have been reported in the literature.     

Housing delivery system, need and demand

This paper reviews the past and current housing delivery programmes in Nigeria and analysed the demand and supply issues. The paper examined factors responsible for high housing pricing trends, it state the constraints and challenges in accessing housing. The paper ascertains guiding principles for implementation towards quality housing delivery, and it identifies the various housing delivery mechanisms in current practice and suggests a holistic programme to address the huge housing shortage in Nigeria. The study addresses the problem of housing delivery systems, the supply and the demand issues with a view to inform policy on housing provision structure, want and request towards improving the level of delivery in Nigeria. The methodology adopted for the study includes interviews and analyses of data collected during the field investigations. These investigations were complemented with review of literature. The data required for this study were obtained primarily from secondary source and personal observations. Suggestions were put forward on policy measures that can sustain future planning of housing provision in Nigeria to conform to what is obtain in other part of the world.