基于GIS空间分析的县域建设功能空间分区研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在新一轮土地利用规划启动的背景下,建设功能空间分区研究迅速成为当前关注的热点。在GIS数据库和空间分析方法支持下,采用综合指标评价方法定量评价县域尺度建设用地适宜性程度和生态限制性程度,并结合矩阵判断方法进行建设功能空间分区。在此基础上,以县域经济快速发展、建设用地供需矛盾突出的昆山市为例进行实证研究,将昆山划分为允许建设区、控制建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区4类区域,并提出不同类型区建设用地布局的对策和建议。在允许建设区,鼓励产业和城镇集聚,鼓励高密度、高强度的开发建设;在控制建设区,控制开发建设活动类型,以对生态环境影响较小的开发建设活动为主;在限制建设区,不仅控制开发建设活动类型,而且限制开发建设规模;在禁止建设区,除生态环境保护必要的基础设施建设外,禁止其他任何开发建设活动。     

基于GIS空间分析的县域建设功〖JP2〗能空间分区研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在新一轮土地利用规划启动的背景下，建设功能空间分区研究迅速成为当前关注的热点。在GIS数据库和空间分析方法支持下，采用综合指标评价方法定量评价县域尺度建设用地适宜性程度和生态限制性程度，并结合矩阵判断方法进行建设功能空间分区。在此基础上，以县域经济快速发展、建设用地供需矛盾突出的昆山市为例进行实证研究，将昆山划分为允许建设区、控制建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区4类区域，并提出不同类型区建设用地布局的对策和建议。在允许建设区，鼓励产业和城镇集聚，鼓励高密度、高强度的开发建设；在控制建设区，控制开发建设活动类型，以对生态环境影响较小的开发建设活动为主；在限制建设区，不仅控制开发建设活动类型，而且限制开发建设规模；在禁止建设区，除生态环境保护必要的基础设施建设外，禁止其他任何开发建设活动。     

云南省楚雄州生态功能区划研究

生态功能区划是实施区域生态环境保护、建设和科学管理的基础。以云南省生态功能区划方案为背景，利用遥感和GIS等先进的空间模拟技术，综合考虑自然因素与人为因素的影响，形成楚雄州生态功能区划方案，将楚雄州划分为2个一级生态区、9个二级生态亚区、17个三级生态功能区。在完成生态功能区划的基础上，根据人与自然相互关系的基本格局和宏观生态环境管理的需要，将不同类型的生态功能区进行统筹和归并，把楚雄州划分为农产品提供生态功能区、林产品提供生态功能区、生物多样性保护生态功能区、水土保持生态功能区、水源涵养生态功能区、城镇农业与居住生态功能区，并对各生态功能类型区进行了概述，阐明各区存在的主要生态问题和生态保护的主要方向。     

海门沿江地区开发适宜性分区研究

区域不合理开发将会引发大量的生态环境问题。要建立开发与保护兼容的空间秩序,区域开发适宜性分区具有十分重要的意义。以海门沿江地区作为研究案例区,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过确定符合区域要求的格网评价单元,利用约束型和引导型指标叠合判断的方法,将案例区划分为鼓励开发、适度开发、适度保护和优先保护区域。结果表明,鼓励开发区域主要集中在城区、港区这类自然基础较好、发展潜力较大而生态约束较低的地区;适度开发区域主要分布在重点中心镇以及一般镇的镇区;适度保护区域主要分布在生态敏感性较高、发展基础和条件一般的地区;优先保护区域则主要为具有重要生态服务功能的地区。并依据开发适宜性分区提出开发建设强度和时序的建议,可为合理布局沿江城镇和产业发展提供科学引导。     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入，区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念，通过遥感、GIS技术手段，划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础，选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子，以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子，综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础，构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系，用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设，实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合，并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入，区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念，通过遥感、GIS技术手段，划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础，选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子，以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子，综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础，构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系，用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设，实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合，并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

区域空间管制约束下的建设用地动态变化分析——以常州市为例

在建设用地受到土地利用总体规划空间管制分区约束的背景下,参照“三界四区”的划定位置,从规模布局、结构变化和扩展方向等多方面出发,通过GIS空间分析技术和统计分析等方法,对比分析空间管制约束前后常州市建设用地的动态变化,此举有利于提高城市发展的规划管理效率。研究结果表明:(1)空间管制对建设用地的约束作用受时间和地域影响;(2)建设用地空间管制分区的划定在不同时期对不同建设用地类型产生的影响各异;(3)受允许建设区和有条件建设区空间分布的影响,常州市建设用地扩展方向由前期的东北-西南转变为后期的正北方向,有效缓解了“摊大饼”式盲目开发的趋势。     

长江经济带矿产资源开发空间格局优化研究

推动长江经济带发展是关系中国发展全局的重大战略。作为国家资源安全保障的战略核心区域之一,长江经济带内页岩气、锰、钒、钛、钨、锡、锑、稀土、锂、磷等矿产在中国占有重要地位,但受长期以来高强度开发影响,长江经济带矿产资源开发目前面临着开发布局结构不尽合理,规模化、集约化水平较低,矿产资源综合利用效率总体不高,以及资源开发与生态环境保护矛盾较大等问题。在"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"的战略导向下,亟需优化矿产资源开发保护空间格局,推动矿业产业高质量发展。从功能区划角度出发,在分析总结长江经济带矿产资源特征及面临问题的基础上,考虑了矿产资源本底、生态环境重要程度、交通优势度、缺水程度以及区域经济发展需求等要素,构建了以矿业空间格局优化为目标的功能区划指标体系,以县级行政区为单元,采用判别分析法将长江经济带划分为重点避让区、扶贫开发区、矿业疏解区、限制开发区和适度开发区等五类功能区,分别以生态保护、资源扶贫、高端引领、统筹协调和绿色转型为主导任务统筹推进矿产资源开发空间格局优化,并针对各功能区特点提出了分区引导政策建议。     

城市土地生态适宜性分区划分研究

在新型城镇化与生态文明建设背景下,城市发展迫切需要合理布局以实现城市土地的节约集约利用,降低城市化过程中因建设用地肆意蔓延所导致的土地资源浪费与生态环境破坏影响。以常州市武进区为例,采用地形地貌、生态环境、交通设施、建设密度4类因子建立景观过程阻力赋值体系,结合GIS空间分析技术,以垂直生态过程的多因素多因子综合判别得到的生态保护用地扩张和城镇用地扩张阻力基面为基础,再以描述水平生态过程的最小累积阻力模型计算两种扩张过程的最小累积阻力值,并依据二者的最小累积阻力差值表面,从空间上将武进区划分为4个等级的城市土地生态适宜性分区,分别为优先建设区118.39 km²、适宜建设区233.60 km²、生态缓冲区777.91 km²、生态控制区115.90 km²,明确指出了各分区的空间布局,提出了相应的发展建议,以期为武进区未来城市发展提供科学合理的空间布局参考。同时考虑了垂直生态过程和水平生态过程,一定程度上弥补了传统方法只从景观单元垂直过程研究的不足之处,为生态适宜性分区划分的方法研究提供了有益的尝试和补充。     

耕地多功能权衡与协同关系研究——以上海市青浦区为例

为识别耕地各功能的关联程度及在不同空间上的相关关系,基于土地利用变更调查数据和统计年鉴等数据,利用冷热点分析和偏相关分析等方法对上海市青浦区耕地的生产功能、生态功能和景观功能进行空间定量化分析并划分五类功能区,识别各分区及整个区域的空间关联。结果表明:(1)耕地各功能空间分布差异显著,东部各功能状况较好,北部较差。(2)生产功能主导区主要分布在东北部,生态功能的主导区分布在东南部,景观功能主导区分布在西南部和北部,各功能的低值区集中在西北部,无显著功能区集中在淀山湖周围。(3)在整个区域内,生产-生态功能,生产-景观功能呈协同关系,生态-景观功能呈权衡关系,相关关系与各功能主导区具有差别。结论:耕地各功能之间存在显著的权衡与协同关系,并在不同功能主导区有一定差异。通过分析耕地多功能的空间分布差异和相关性能够有针对性的进行分区保护,从而实现耕地的可持续利用。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.