全球变化对长江三角洲土地持续利用的影响及其对策

全球变化对区域土地持续利用的影响表现为其多方面内容从不同侧面直接或间接地对区域土地利用生产性、安全性、保持性,可行性和接受性产生影响,在长江三角洲地区,全球变化对土地持续利用的影响主要表现为不利的方面：（1）海平面上升导致土地面积减少及土壤性质恶化;（2）自然灾害增多导致土地利用安全性降低;（3）酸雨危害加重导致土地生态环境恶化;（4）地表植被减少及湿润指数降低导致土地退化加剧,针对以上问题,应采取以下对策以促进长江三角洲土地持续利用;（1）加强全球变化监测与预警;（2）制定适应于全球变化的土地持续利用规划;（3）增强土地利用对全球变化的应变能力;（4）加强全球合作,减缓不利于人类生存的全球变化速度。     

扬子江城市群土地利用时空变化及其对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响

扬子江城市群是江苏省城市化进程最快,土地利用变化最明显的区域。研究该地区地利用变化及其对陆地生态系统有机碳储量的影响,对江苏省低碳土地利用研究具有重要意义。该文利用五期30 m土地利用栅格数据、土壤样点数据、林地植被清查数据、农作物数据以及经验数据,分析了1995～2015年扬子江城市群土地利用时空变化、核算了其对有机碳储量的影响。主要结果如下:(1) 1995～2015年间,扬子江城市群约有15. 90%的土地发生了转移,其中,耕地作为主要的转出者,建设用地作为主要的转入者,耕地转移为建设用地的面积约为4 161. 78 km~2,占扬子江城市群耕地转出面积的85. 86%,是主要的土地转移类型;(2) 1995～2015年间,由于土地利用类型转移变化,扬子江城市群有机碳储量总量减少了472. 63×10~4t,其中土壤有机碳储量总量增加110. 28×10~4t,植被碳储量总量减少582. 91×10~4t;(3)建设用地占用耕地是区域有机碳储量减少的主要原因,导致有机碳储量减少406. 40×10~4t,占整个区域有机碳储量减少总量的85. 99%;(4)未来扬子江城市群可通过增加生态用地、控制建设用地、优化土地利用结构,提高区域碳储量,减少对陆地生态系统碳平衡的扰动。     

1985年以来江苏省土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应

利用1985、1995、2005和2008年4期遥感影像解译获取的土地利用变化数据,从土地利用变化速度、转移方向和土地利用程度方面,借助GIS空间分析和图谱分析技术及Ucinet社会网络分析软件,全面定量分析江苏省1985年以来人类活动作用下土地利用时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)1985~1995、1995~2005、2005~2008年3个时段江苏省的土地利用综合动态分别为12.95%、17.17%、15.03%,反应了人类活动对江苏省土地利用变化的影响程度呈现出"缓慢影响—剧烈影响—影响减缓"的倒U型曲线规律;(2)1985年以来,耕地、建设用地和水域之间的空间转移是江苏省土地利用转移的关键,也是人类影响土地利用最主要的表现形式,3种地类的相互转移占所有土地转移流的80%以上,其中耕地转为建设用地所占比例最大,主要分布苏锡常及南京4市的市辖区,以及昆山、江阴等经济发达的县市及苏北的宿迁市、淮安市、徐州市;(3)1985年以来,追求净产出(利润)的增长是土地利用变化的内在动力,导致建设用地增加及耕地减少,使得全省土地利用程度整体水平不断升高;受可驱动的有效资本量控制,经济发达的苏南地区一直是人类活动影响土地利用最为剧烈的区域,而苏北地区随着经济实力的不断提升土地利用受人类活动影响的程度也在逐渐增强。     

基于CLUE-S模型的重庆市渝北区土地利用变化动态模拟

以重庆市渝北区为研究区域,运用CLUE-S模型,结合Logistic回归分析,分别以2007年和2009年为基期,对渝北区2013年土地利用情况进行模拟研究,在此基础上构建了渝北区2013~2020年3种不同情景的土地利用变化模式,模拟了3种情景模式下渝北区在2020年的土地利用空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)两期模拟的正确率分别达到了92.26%和94%,Kappa系数值分别为90.32%和92.5%,均取得了较好的模拟效果,说明CLUE-S模型适用于渝北区的土地利用空间格局变化的模拟研究,具有较好的模拟区域土地利用时空变化的能力;(2)地形、国道、省道、高速公路等主要道路、河流、城镇和村庄是影响渝北区土地利用空间格局变化的重要驱动因素;(3)在3种情景模式中,主要的用地格局变化均发生在两江新区,区内建设用地总体呈现向东北部扩张的趋势,表明区域经济社会发展政策对用地类型的变化具有较大的影响;(4)从促进城乡统筹和谐发展、土地节约集约利用、生态环境显著改善和保护耕地的区域发展目标而言,情景模式2为较为合理的发展模式。研究结果可为决策部门在土地可持续利用和土地管理方面提供参考依据。     

土地整治驱动下土地利用和景观格局变化研究——以上海市合庆镇为例

基于上海市合庆镇土地整治项目,通过土地利用指数、空间自相关性以及景观格局指数的分析:(1)土地整治带来的区域土地利用变化情况;(2)验证土地整治是否能起到土地集聚的作用;(3)使用景观格局指数分析土地利用空间配置关系。结果表明,整治后的项目区内建设用地明显减少,耕地数量明显增加,并且土地利用程度综合指数等土地利用指数同土地整治活动之间存在相关性。使用全局空间自相关分析方法能够很好地验证土地整治活动对土地产生的集聚效应,并且在5~10m的格网尺度下采用土地利用程度修正模型能很好地反映建设用地和耕地的局部集聚效应。此外,区域由以农业活动和非农业活动并存转向以农业活动为主,"斑块-廊道-基质"的景观结构变化显著。     

武汉市湖泊水域利用转变及其碳排放影响

考虑到湖泊水域面积与土地面积的相互变迁进程,以及土地利用变化已成为仅次于化石能源燃烧的第二大温室气体排放源的客观现实,首次尝试分析特定区域湖泊水域的变化以及间接产生的碳源碳汇影响。根据2005、2010和2015年遥感影像获取武汉市湖泊水域利用转变的数据,采用国际通用的土地碳排放测算模型,评估武汉市湖泊水域转变为4类用地产生的碳排放量及碳强度变化情况。研究显示:(1)2005～2015年武汉市湖泊水域面积整体减少超10 km~2,且2010年后呈现加速萎缩趋势, 2010～2015年的减少值约为2005～2010年减少值的2.04倍;(2)虽然部分耕地、林地和草地转化为湖泊导致湖泊水域的增加,但湖泊大面积转变为建设用地导致水域面积的显著较少;(3)从碳排放总量来看,变动面积区域内呈碳源区,后5年碳源值是前5年的1.45倍;前后5年湖泊水域变化的碳排放强度分别为0.03和0.04 t/km~2,碳排放强度明显增加。针对武汉市湖泊水域利用的现实状况,提出把"山水林田湖草"放到统一的管理机制中进行考虑、规范土地资源利用、限制建设用地过度扩张等措施。     

太湖流域粮食生产对耕地利用变化动态响应分析及预测

认识耕地利用与粮食生产的耦合作用规律是确保粮食安全和可持续发展的基础。基于模型模拟、GIS和多目标情景模拟等方法,在定量分析粮食生产对耕地利用变化动态响应基础上,分析流域粮食生产变化的关键驱动要素及粮食增产潜力,为流域耕地利用动态调控和粮食安全问题解决提供参考。结果表明:(1)1985～2015年流域耕地利用与粮食生产变化空间集聚性显著,耕地量变、耕地利用结构和方式变化幅度分别为39.2%、23.6%和19.3%,上述变化导致粮食减产44.1%;(2)1985～2015年耕地量变对流域粮食减产贡献率为50.7%,耕地利用方式变化和耕地量变则分别以43.4%和76.3%的贡献率成为前后15年粮食减产的主要驱动因素。集聚在流域北部56.8%的区域受耕地量变影响显著;太湖东南24.3%的区域和杭州-桐乡-嘉善一线等18.9%的区域分别受耕地利用方式和结构变化影响较大。随时间变化,耕地量变影响加剧,粮食减幅增加;(3)未来耕地数量持续减少,粮食安全压力较大,低-中-高方案变动下耕地量变影响范围缩小53.5%,耕地利用方式和结构影响区分别增加了2倍和1.25倍,粮食增产区由5.4%增加到54.1%。不同区域粮食生产对耕地利用变化响应的时空差异显著,未来响应变化敏感区将是流域粮食增产潜力区和耕地利用关键调控区。     

鄂西北山区土地利用的地形梯度效应与空间结构特征

地形因素在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对区域土地利用格局与空间结构特征有着重要影响。该文以鄂西北山区房县为研究对象,利用DEM提取高程和坡度信息,并生成地形位指数,借助GIS的空间分析功能,采用地形位指数、分布指数和土地利用强度综合指数,系统分析房县土地利用的地形梯度效应;在此基础上,应用分形理论探讨其土地利用的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)房县各土地利用类型的空间分布具有明显的地形梯度特征,高程、坡度及地形位对房县土地利用格局的形成有着重要影响;(2)水域、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地、耕地的优势分布区间集中在低地形位区间,园地、草地和未利用地的优势分布区间集中在中地形位区间,林地的优势分布区间集中在高地形位区间;(3)房县土地利用强度综合指数随着地形位指数的增加逐渐降低;(4)房县各土地利用类型分布具有明显的分形特征,分维数介于1. 275 3～1. 759 3之间,各类用地的稳定性大小依次为:水域居民点及工矿用地园地林地耕地草地交通用地未利用地。研究结果可为该地区土地利用总体规划及土地资源优化配置提供科学的决策依据。     

巢湖流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动力研究

健康的流域生态系统是区域经济社会可持续发展的重要基础。探讨流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动机制有助于生态系统状况诊断与风险来源认识,为有效制定生态风险管控措施提供决策依据。应用空间信息技术平台及计量分析方法,探讨了基于县域行政单元的快速城市化阶段巢湖流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动力。研究表明:(1)2000~2013年,巢湖流域土地景观类型变化表现出农地、林地、水体景观面积下降,建设用地景观面积显著增加的趋势;流域景观水平上多样性和均匀度呈下降、优势度呈上升趋势,景观空间异质性下降;(2)近15 a来,巢湖流域9个行政单元内生态风险均呈上升趋势,生态风险整体恶化,需加强对流域生态风险上升的管控;(3)生态风险驱动力分析表明,快速城市化阶段巢湖流域生态风险的主要驱动因子为第二产业值、城市化率、人口密度和固定资产投资,而人均GDP的增加在一定程度上会降低生态风险水平。     

昆明市中部城-郊-乡土地梯度带的划分及景观分异

基于遥感影像,分别采用监督分类、目视解译的方法获取昆明市土地利用数据,并利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS 10. 2)和景观格局分析软件(Fragstats 4. 2),选用4个城市化指标,并用SPSS22. 0软件进行主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性回归分析,构建城-郊-乡梯度模型,对研究区域城-郊-乡土地梯度带划分及景观分异进行研究。结果表明:(1)所选用的城市化物理指标和景观指标,能够用于城市化水平基础上的城-郊-乡梯度划分;(2)随着城-郊-乡梯度的变化,城市化各指标值呈现逐渐减小的趋势,城区的不透水下垫面面积比例(80%左右)、道路网密度(14 km/km~2左右)、景观形状指数、香农多样性指数均最高;(3)昆明市各区内的城市化指数UI平均值表现为:官渡区五华区西山区盘龙区,其中官渡区的变异系数最小,五华区的变异系数最大;(4)昆明市中部总体来说城市区域的发展较为集中,郊区与城区的分界并不明显,其主要原因可能是受地形因素的限制。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.