The hypothesis of hydrochorous dissemination of populations of conifers

A comparative analysis of field observations and experiments on the distance and rate of dispersal of self-sown Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) progeny has shown that the rate of their hydrochorous dissemination downstream is an order of magnitude higher than the rate of dispersal in upland areas. A hypothesis assigning priority to the role of hydrochory in the expansion of conifer populations to the tundra (periglacial) zone along with climate warming has been formulated and substantiated by comparative isozyme analysis of populations in transects lying along and across rivers.     

黄河三角洲高效生态区生态补偿制度研究

实施生态补偿制度是保障黄河三角洲高效生态区可持续发展的基础。该文在明晰黄河三角洲高效生态区生态补偿原则和利益相关方各自的责任和义务的基础上,提出并设计了黄河三角洲高效生态区生态补偿平台建设思路和生态补偿运行机制。生态补偿平台建设主要包括:建立由政府主导的生态补偿交易市场平台;建立以生态补偿保险、生态补偿期货、互助基金、证券化交易为主要内容的生态补偿风险保障平台;建立以相关独立认证和监测(检测)、资产评估、审计、代理等机构组成的生态补偿交易中介服务平台;建立生态补偿监管平台。生态补偿运行机制需要将法制建设、财政扶持、税收调节和保障措施等系统化:推进《生态补偿法》、《黄河三角洲高效生态区补偿协定》的制定;完善并建立中央财政转移支付、财政转移制度纵向化、"环境财政"等制度;改革创新区域或专项税收制度;构建完备的生态补偿评估、考核、监督管理体系,等等。     

中国参与经济全球化的区域格局响应研究

以加入WTO为标志.中国积极参与经济全球化已成为一种必然.但由于我国的国土规模、自然环境、气候条件等方面的地区差异很大,地区之间在发展水平上一直存在着差距,地区发展不平衡是个长期的国内政治经济现象.这种地区发展的差距表现为各类地区融入经济全球化的程度不同,反应不同.有些地区能够借助经济的全球化而发展自身,有些地区则无法从中受益,甚至因而处于更加落后的境地.本文从三大经济地带、各经济区和各省(市)区三个屡次分析和探讨了不同区域对经济全球化响应的差异,并对全球化条件下我国内部区域一体化格局进行了深入的研究.     

Distribution of the Forms of Heavy Metals in Natural Landscapes of Belarus

Studies on the distribution of the forms of heavy metals (HMs) in the humus soil horizon were performed in the Berezinskii Reserve and Braslavskie Ozera National Park. The ratios of active to inert HM forms (with trace values of the mobile form) in these areas proved to be similar and independent of the total HM content. The calculated coefficients of technogeneity (Kt and Xt) and mobility (Km and Xm) are proposed, which reflect the natural ratio between the forms of HMs in the Northern and Central lithogeochemical provinces of Belarus.     

Adaptation of institutional arrangements to management of Northern Rangelands of Kenya

Northern Rangelands of Kenya have continued to grapple with management challenges largely due to a lack of understanding of the dynamics thereof. Eroding customary institutions and new institutional arrangements characterize the system suggesting that adaptation is taking place to cope with the change. It is imperative that these socio-ecosystems adjust to the disturbance without disintegrating into a different state that is controlled by a different set of processes to ensure sustainable rangeland management. To understand the nature of change, the study sought to evaluate institutional arrangements engaged in tackling growing socio-economic and ecological factors challenging development within the last decade. Three study sites namely Kinna, Makurian and Westgate, representing three types of institutional arrangements (elders only, group ranch committee and community conservancy board), were investigated. Key informants, focused group discussions and household survey methods were used to gather data. Data were managed and analysed using Ms Access, Ms Excel, social network analysis and SPSS. Findings indicate that more actors (internal and external) are engaging in management of social economic and ecological factors challenging development within the last decade. The co-management approach allows increased capacity to tackle these challenges and further presents more opportunities for a diversified livelihood, two key features of ecosystem resilience. Findings are useful as the Kenya government implements the National Land Policy that recognizes the need to restructure community land and its management.     

Dynamics of the composition of the fauna of mosquitoes (Diptera,Culicidae) in parks of Yekaterinburg

The species composition, some zoogeographical parameters, the seasonal dynamics of species diversity, and alternation of active dominant species of bloodsucking mosquitoes have been compared in two green zones of Yekaterinburg, Russia, differing in size and origin: the Southwestern Park Forest and the 50th Anniversary of Komsomol Park. Changes in the abundance and occurrence frequency of mosquitoes during two consecutive years have been studied in the park forest. Phenological parameters of mosquitoes in the natural and artificial green zones of the megalopolis are considered in connection with other parameters of biology and distribution of species.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Prognosis of the State of Aquatic Animal Populations under Conditions of Disturbed Ionic Composition of Water

In the crustacean Eudiaptomus gracilisSars, relationships between mortality (D) and the ratio of main cations (R, the ratio of the sum of potassium and sodium equivalent concentrations to the sum of calcium and magnesium equivalent concentrations) were studied. The calculated regression equation D= 315 – 355/Rwas used for predicting the state of E. gracilispopulation in Lake Poppalijarvi (Karelia) polluted with mining waste. At R< 0.47, the population will survive; at R> 1.53, its extinction should be expected. The results of hydrobiological observations on Lake Poppalijarvi confirmed the prognosis based on the equation.     

地质旅游研究进展

自20世纪70年代以来,地质旅游受到世界各国的重视,并在国内外相关领域的研究中积累了丰富的经验和文献。本文从地质旅游的含义、地质旅游活动发展历程和国内外理论与实践建设出发对地质旅游进行归纳和总结。综述表明,地质旅游越来越受到游客、地方和政府的关注和重视,是一重要的生态和可持续旅游型式。     

中国城市创新网络模式划分及效率比较

创新活动由个体创新向合作创新和由封闭式创新向开放式创新不断转变趋势下，城市创造、积累和吸收知识的差异成为解释城市创新效率差异的关键。基于289个城市合作专利数据，从城市内部和跨界创新联系强度视角划分中国城市创新网络模式，并对不同创新网络模式的创新效率进行比较。结果表明：（1）城市内部创新联系强度整体偏低，作为省域教育和科技中心的省会和对外开放度较低的老工业城市成为内部合作创新高地，城市跨界创新联系强度具有明显空间异质性，呈现东强西弱的空间格局，高水平创新联系强度的城市主要集中于东部沿海地区的京津翼、长三角、珠三角、海峡西岸城市群等主要城市群；（2）创新联系强度视角下中国城市创新网络模式呈现网络创新城市、外部创新城市、地方创新城市和孤立创新城市4种类型，其中东部地区城市创新网络模式空间格局呈现以网络创新城市为中心、外部创新城市为第二圈层、地方创新城市和孤立创新城市为外围圈层的同心圆分布格局；（3）不同创新网络模式的创新效率具有显著差异，处于创新网络核心位置的网络创新城市创新效率最高，其次是外部创新城市和地方创新城市，孤立创新城市创新效率最低。     

Regulation of numbers of insects on islands of the Kuibyshev Reservoir

The main regulatory mechanism of populations is revealed for some insect groups (Carabidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, and Hemiptera) on islands of the Kuibyshev Reservoir. This mechanism is the dynamics of the ratio of species with imaginal and preimaginal winter diapause. The extent of these dynamics depends on the stability of habitats, which in turn depends on water-level conditions in the reservoir. The period of adaptation of the community of carabids of the most flooded biotope to the extreme impact of water conditions is determined.     

Influencing Factors of the Levels of Intensive Use of Typical Industrial Land

The article establishes an evaluation index system of the intensive land use from the perspective of enterprises. It is based on the questionnaire survey and evaluates the levels of the intensive use of the land in the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry in Changzhou, Nantong, and Yancheng of Jiangsu Province. The evaluation result shows that there is obvious difference in the levels of the intensive use of the land in this industry in the three cities. The present article makes a detailed analysis on the causes of the difference. The analysis shows difference in results of the socio-economic and urban development stage, industrial features, population density, and technological progress. Finally, it proposes some suggestions to improve the efficiency of the industrial land use.     

Exploring development strategies of agricultural systems of Hill Tracts of Chittagong in Bangladesh

This study presents the determinants and development strategies of agricultural systems of the Hill Tracts of Chittagong in Bangladesh using multivariate analysis. A total of 18 selected variables transformed into 4 factors extracted by principal factor method explain 77.21 % of the total variability of the agricultural systems in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), and the agricultural systems in CHT are classified as extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and mixed using cluster analysis. Agricultural extension services, credit facilities and infrastructure such as distance to markets are identified as the main factors responsible for the changes in agricultural systems in CHT. Finally, it has been suggested to provide knowledge and skills to the farmers in CHT through agricultural extension using farmer field schools, microcredit using Grameen Bank approach and facilities such as improved transportation to the markets for better price and higher profit from the sale of the agricultural products to enable the farmers to move from shifting cultivation to environmentally and economically sound semi-intensive or intensive agricultural systems.     

Analysis of the Capacity of Wellspring Conservation in Limestone Areas of Jinan

Spring water in the city of Jinan comes from the limestone areas. Understanding the capacity of wellspring conservation is a critical point to resume the perennial spewing of the spring water. The vegetation, soil, and other natural and human aspects related to the conservation are studied by using the methods of geographic information systems （GIS）, remote sensing （RS）, and field investigation. In the end, suggestions for administration and planning as well as countermeasures are put forward.     

Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Plants in Urban Ecosystems under Conditions of Anthropogenic Pollution of Soils

The leaves of 22 woody and herbaceous plant species growing in urban ecosystems of Kalinigrad were analyzed for the total contents of water-soluble antioxidants (TAC) and polyphenol contents. The soils of test plots were assayed for lead contents in the accumulative horizon. A significant excess over the background Pb level was revealed in soil samples from residential and industrial/utility areas (42% of the city territory), and TAC in plant tissues was found to decrease with an increase in Pb concentration in the soil. The role of polyphenols in forming the antioxidant potential of urban plants growing under conditions of technogenic soil pollution was evaluated. Based on cluster analysis of the water-soluble antioxidant and polyphenol accumulation patterns, the plants were classified into four groups. The results of this study may be used for comprehensive assessment of the resilience of urban plants to anthropogenic impact and improvement of the approaches and methods for monitoring industrial pollution in urban areas.     

Examination of the effect of particle size on the radionuclide content of soils

Information on the distribution of radiocaesium as a function of soil particle size is fundamental for its use as tracer in soil transport. Since the processes involved in soil erosion are known to remove and transport finer particles with larger efficiency, the aim of this work was to obtain data on the particle size versus radionuclide content distribution regarding the reference site of a soil erosion study. The analysis done was based on more than 5kg of source material and the changes happened to the radionuclide content of the different size fractions between the individual separation steps have been carefully monitored. About 10% of the total amount of (137)Cs present was found to be trapped in the serrations of larger stone-fragments while another 10% is transportable only during heavier storm-events. Within the remaining 80%, physical weathering products and clay particles have a (137)Cs-activity concentration, transportability and mass ratio of about 1:10, 1:2 and 1:1, respectively.     

后巴黎时代气候变化公约资金机制的构建

气候变化公约资金机制是串联全球开展应对气候变化行动的纽带,也是通过国际合作实现"2℃"乃至"1.5℃"温控目标的关键支撑。多年来,由于发达国家和发展中国家在是否依据历史责任划分履约义务上存在根本分歧,公约资金机制面临多渠道并行、运行规则多样化、资金使用分散、运行效率偏低、绩效评估欠缺等问题。本文对气候变化公约缔结20余年来各资金机制的产生和运行进行了系统梳理;对其存在的不足以及在全球气候融资体系中面临的挑战进行了剖析;并基于《巴黎协定》资金案文描述和履约要求,围绕气候资金从筹集到最终绩效产出全过程,就如何构建未来气候变化公约资金机制进行了统筹规划和设计。在机制建设层面,通过出资分摊机制以及公约下集中式管理平台的构建,确保气候资金的充足性、可预见性以及对公约的责任性;在运行操作层面,通过各渠道重点业务领域及国别资金分配体系的优化,推动气候资金的公平性和有效性;在资金使用层面,通过受援国气候资金统一管理实体和监督评估体系的建立,提高气候资金的国家主导性和环境效益。未来,公约资金机制仍将是全球开展应对气候变化国际合作的主要渠道,在《巴黎协定》达成、绿色气候基金正式运行、国际气候制度重新构建的背景下,利用资金机制推动发达国家履行公约义务,切实向发展中国家提供资金、技术和能力建设支持,对确保公约各要素的全面性和平衡性,推动全球应对气候变化行动开展,强化发展中国家集团统一立场都有着重要的现实意义。     

A review of the drivers of 200 years of wetland degradation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

This paper examines the anthropogenic factors that have contributed to wetland loss and degradation in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam from 1816 AD to present. Our analysis is framed over five historical periods and highlights the role that seven drivers of wetland degradation have played in the Mekong Delta, including: resettlement and economic development policies; population growth and urbanization; demand for food and reclaiming wetland for agriculture; construction of canals construction of dykes flood protection systems; expansion of travel systems (waterway and roads); and exploitation of wetland natural resources. Of these, government policies for resettlement and economic development seem to have had the greatest impact on wetland loss and degradation in the Mekong Delta throughout the course of history. As a result of these factors, only 0.068 million hectares of the original 4.0 million hectares of the Mekong Delta currently remains as primary swamp forest ecosystem. History suggests that future management of the Mekong Delta should take a holistic approach that includes a better understanding of the implications of past decisions on wetland loss.     

Modeling of food security and ecological footprint of coastal zone of Bangladesh

This paper presents the present status of food security and ecological footprint, an indicator of environmental sustainability of the coastal zones of Bangladesh. To estimate the present status of the food security and ecological footprint of the coastal zone of Bangladesh, primary and secondary data were collected, and the present status of food security and environmental degradation (in terms of ecological footprint) were calculated. To estimate the household food security, primary data were also collected from all the households in a representative selected village. A quantitative method for computation of food security in grain equivalent based on economic returns (price) is developed, and a method of measuring sustainable development in terms of ecological footprint developed by Wackernagel is used to estimate the environmental sustainability (Wackernagel and Rees in Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. New Society, Gabrioala, BC, 1996; Chambers et al. in Sharing nature’s interest-ecological footprint as an indicator of sustainability. Earthscan, London, 2000). Overall status of food security at upazila levels is good for all the upazilas except Shoronkhola, Shyamnager and Morrelgonj, and the best is the Kalapara upazila. But the status of food security at household levels is poor. Environmental status in the coastal zones is poor for all the upazilas except Kalapara and Galachipa. The worst is in the Mongla upazila. Environmental status has degraded mainly due to shrimp culture. This study suggests that control measures are needed for affected upazilas and any further expansion of the shrimp aquaculture to enhance the food security must take into account the environmental aspects of the locality under consideration.     

Speaking of Risk: Matters of Context

The risk communication (RC) field is dominated by the practical and normative socio-technical aim of improving communication on risk (CR), especially from the viewpoint of regulatory agencies and government administrations. Despite some change of scope and orientation over the past 30 years, two theoretical ideas have persisted: the subjective–objective risk dichotomy and the transmission (also known as code) model of communication. This theoretical legacy makes context a blind spot in RC. The study of CR themes should consider (1) the socially constructed nature of risk and (2) communication as a situated social practice of information sharing. Results of a case study of public participation in a controversial railway tunnel project in the south of Sweden, offer lessons for future research pointing to crucial contextual dimensions of CR. It is argued that the variable ontology of risk, the constitutive nature of power relationships and the practical rationality of actors must be taken into account in research on the social CR.