基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建

贵阳市是我国典型的喀斯特地区,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱。在生态重要性、景观连通性和生态需求分析的基础上进行生态源地识别,根据土地覆被状况、人为干扰程度和夜间灯光数据构建了生态阻力面,基于最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道网络,在此基础上构建了贵阳市域和市区的景观生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)贵阳市最重要和重要生态斑块总面积5 393.43 km2,主要分布在西部和北部;生态用地斑块的景观连通度总体较高,其中园地最好,林地最差;生态需求较高的区域主要分布在人口密集的城市建成区周边。生态源地占总面积的18.56%,集中分布于北部及西南部红枫湖、百花湖等区域;(2)贵阳市生态廊道总长为933.58 km,其中关键廊道长287.6 km,沿东北向西南方向延伸。现状廊道遍布市域,主要为河流水系;潜在廊道和关键廊道98%都为林地,主要分布于北部和西部生态环境较好的山地丘陵区;(3)市区景观生态安全格局中,生态源地主要集中在百花湖、红枫湖、香纸沟、相思河等风景区,花溪湿地和南明河作为市区关键廊道纵贯南北。最后,在此基础上提出了"保护和建设并重、区县间统一规划的"生态系统管理对策,为贵阳市生态环境建设提供切实可行的科学指导。     

基于生态安全的三峡库区重庆段土地利用冲突识别

以三峡库区重庆段为研究区,基于生态安全视角,以生态敏感性与生态系统服务功能重要性评价结果提取生态源地,采用最小累积阻力模型构建生态安全格局,在生态安全格局基础上对三峡库区重庆段2015年的土地利用冲突进行识别,以期为三峡库区重庆段土地利用规划管理提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)耕地冲突分布较为分散,极严重冲突集中分布于奉节县、开县、石柱县与涪陵区,严重与较严重冲突集中分布于重庆市主城区的外围区县,一般与不冲突集中分布于长寿区和巴南区;(2)建设用地冲突分布较为集中,极严重冲突集中分布于重庆市主城区,严重和较严重冲突分布较为分散,各区县均有分布,一般和不冲突也集中分布于重庆市主城区,且大多位于极严重冲突的外围;(3)综合土地利用冲突的极严重冲突集中分布于重庆市主城区的中心区域与奉节县,严重与较严重冲突各区县均有分布,一般与不冲突集中分布于极严重冲突的外围区域。     

山水资源型城镇的生态安全格局构建研究 ——以武汉市黄陂区为例

黄陂区是武汉市最大的山水资源型城镇，构建其生态安全格局是武汉市可持续发展的重要保障。以黄陂区2018年土地利用变更调查数据、DEM高程图为主要数据来源，将生态敏感程度高的林地、水域及湿地作为源地，通过最小累积阻力模型，识别生态廊道和节点，划分生态功能区，构建并优化黄陂区生态安全格局。结果表明：（1）研究区内识别生态源地169.55 km2，占全区总面积的7.5%，呈现“两极分布、相对独立、连通性较弱”的空间分布特征；（2）提取生态廊道共132条，生态节点83个，从空间分布上看，廊道集中于北部山地和南部水域，在城镇建设用地和大面积耕地地段最难连接;（3）根据计算结果将研究区划分为5个不同级别的生态安全水平区，自南北向中部生态安全水平大致呈由低到高的趋势，通过优化生态网络连接，对于保护区域生态安全、维护区域生态稳定、缓解区域生态压力发挥着重要的保障作用。     

江南水网区域复合型生态网络构建初探 ——以常州市金坛区为例

随着城市化进程的加快，江南水网区域原有的自然生境和生态过程遭到破坏，城市生态安全受到威肋、地域特色景观风貌逐渐丧失，构建复合生态网络对区域生态保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究综合考虑生物过程、水文过程和人文过程，基于累积阻力模型构建生境网络和游憩网络，利用ArcGIS水文分析构建水绿网络，通过GIS空间叠加构建多目标融合的生态网络框架，以常州市金坛区为案例区进行复合网络构建探索。研究结果表明：（1）研究区单目标生态网络源地面积表现为水绿源地>生态源地>游憩源地；双目标生态源地面积中生态水绿源地>水绿游憩源地>生态游憩源地，源地面积在区域总面积中占比较小，主要分布在西部茅山和南部长荡湖区域；（2）研究区三重功能廊道主要分布在中部与西侧茅山之间，除此之外，西南部还分布大量生态和水绿廊道；东北部还分布较多游憩廊道；（3）后期应对源地和廊道分布较多的西部和南部等重点生态功能区加强保护，而对东部和北部等生态脆弱区重点建设，提升其生态功能；（4）经案例验证，构建复合型生态网络可以联系区域中相对孤立的景观斑块，有利于保护生物多样性、改善城市生态环境、维护区域景观格局、引导区域空间合理发展。     

基于Circuit理论的城市生态安全格局研究 ——以安庆市为例

生态安全格局构建是保障区域生态安全，协调经济社会发展与生态系统矛盾，提升人类福祉的重要途径之一。以安庆市为实证区，通过生态系统服务功能评估识别区域生态源地，运用电路理论构建生态安全格局，根据电流密度解释区域生态安全格局结构特征，并提出区域生态网络与生态安全的优化策略。研究结果表明：安庆市生态安全格局包括24个大于1 km2的生态源地、3条潜在廊道、23个夹点区域以及3个重要的障碍点，生态源地主要由林地与耕地构成。生态资源本底较好的区域主要分布在城市北部的大龙山森林公园沿线、东部开发区边缘地区及西部农场区域，中心城区生态资源流通受阻，生态廊道连通性较差，生态安全格局空间异质性特征显著。该研究通过对不同阈值下的生态网络安全进行分析，提出对不同网络格局下的生态系统改善、修复策略，对于提高区域生态系统服务的供给能力与生态网络的连通性具有积极的实践指导意义。     

基于MSPA与MCR模型的余江县生态网络构建

在我国社会经济快速发展的背景下,城市化进程的不断推进导致城市生态斑块日益减少,生态环境问题正在逐年增加,构建生态网络是改善城市生态环境与服务功能的有效方法之一。以余江县为研究区,采用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)方法和景观指数法,提取对生态网络具有重要意义的生态源地,并基于MCR模型构建综合阻力面,采用最小成本路径方法生成潜在廊道,再基于重力模型、中介中心度等对关键廊道及踏脚石斑块进行识别并提取,从而构建研究区潜在生态网络。结果表明:MSPA方法能够与MCR模型有机的结合,通过定量的分析识别出研究区潜在生态廊道,并根据斑块的中介作用选定踏脚石斑块,明确研究区景观要素的保护优先度,将景观中的潜在生态源地及廊道作为生态网络构建的主要依据,能够更加科学地为余江县生态网络的构建提供指导,同时也可为其他区域提供参考。     

基于MSPA与MCR模型的余江县生态网络构建基于MSPA与MCR模型的余江县生态网络构建

在我国社会经济快速发展的背景下，城市化进程的不断推进导致城市生态斑块日益减少，生态环境问题正在逐年增加，构建生态网络是改善城市生态环境与服务功能的有效方法之一。以余江县为研究区，采用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)方法和景观指数法，提取对生态网络具有重要意义的生态源地，并基于MCR模型构建综合阻力面，采用最小成本路径方法生成潜在廊道，再基于重力模型、中介中心度等对关键廊道及踏脚石斑块进行识别并提取，从而构建研究区潜在生态网络。结果表明：MSPA方法能够与MCR模型有机的结合，通过定量的分析识别出研究区潜在生态廊道，并根据斑块的中介作用选定踏脚石斑块，明确研究区景观要素的保护优先度，将景观中的潜在生态源地及廊道作为生态网络构建的主要依据，能够更加科学地为余江县生态网络的构建提供指导，同时也可为其他区域提供参考。     

江苏省土地生态网络规划中源地的选取研究

区域土地生态网络构建是土地生态建设的重要内容。当前研究中，多尺度的生态源地选取研究涉及较少，需进一步深入研究。该文以江苏省为研究区，基于土地利用调查数据开展全省土地生态敏感性与重要性评价分级，并在此基础上选取敏感、极敏感和重要、极重要图斑并经阈值筛选确定生态源地，生成架构生态廊道，规划形成江苏省域含多层级的土地生态网络系统。研究结果表明：(1)江苏省域土地生态网络可由31个一级源地、175个二级源地、1 313个三级源地和61条一级廊道、345条二级廊道、3 882条三级廊道组成，面积为23 526.26 km2，占全省总面积的22.04%；(2)一级生态源地主要由江、湖、水域湿地构成，二、三级源地以水田、林地为主。其中，长江、太湖、南通段沿海湿地、洪泽湖、高邮湖、盐城南段沿海湿地、盐城北段沿海湿地、骆马湖、滆湖、白马湖是省域内最主要的生态源地，连通度综合指数（dIIC）在1 519个生态源地中居前10名，对全域土地生态连通起重要作用；(3)土地生态敏感性、重要性评价结果是生态源地选取确定的重要基础和依据，据此并结合生态廊道构建能较好地实现区域土地生态网络的规划。     

基于GIS的高原湖泊流域生态安全格局构建及优化研究——以星云湖流域为例

以星云湖流域自然人文环境特征、主要生态环境问题为出发点,结合景观生态学原理方法、熵值法和GIS空间分析技术,实现星云湖流域生态安全的空间分异格局及优化。选取海拔高程、坡度、土壤侵蚀强度、地质灾害易发性、土地覆被(利用方式和植被覆盖度)、人口密度、距自然保护区距离、距离建设用地和距水源距离等因素为阻力因子叠加生成综合阻力要素,根据GIS空间成本距离分析原理,引用最小累积阻力模型识别构建流域生态廊道和生态节点,进一步规划优化流域生态功能网络的结构和功能。研究表明:(1)从各安全等级面积比例和平均生态安全指数角度,星云湖流域中度安全占流域总面积的45.81%,高度安全为25.24%,较低安全为21.05%,不安全占7.9%,平均生态安全指数为2.95,流域生态安全总体处于中度安全,生态系统健康一般,但部分地区生态安全性较低,主要分布在南部、东部和北部地区,应重视这些区域的生态保护和建设;同时,坡度、水土流失因子和水资源(自然环境要素)、土地利用格局和距离建设用地(人类活动干扰要素)等因素是流域生态安全格局形成的主要因子;(2)识别规划了中枢生态源、核心型生态源斑块、一般生态源、多种级别的生态廊道和生态节点或战略点等构成的具有结构性和层次性的流域生态安全网络格局,对不同层次和结构的生态源、生态廊道和生态节点或战略点进行针对性建设保护,将有效提升流域生态系统的功能价值性和系统的完整性,进而加强流域生态稳定安全。     

基于RS和GIS的三峡库区生态环境综合评价

以遥感影像作为主要数据源,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,以生态环境脆弱典型区——三峡库区为研究对象,针对区域主要生态问题,选取水热条件、地形地貌、土地利用和土壤侵蚀为评价因子,建立了生态环境质量综合评价模型,并对评价结果的空间分异格局进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区的生态环境现状整体较差,良好等级的区域仅占4.25％,较差及以下等级的区域占区域总面积的60％;生态环境质量的空间分异比较明显,中海拔地区生态环境质量最为脆弱。因此,必须因地制宜地采取相应措施,从而加强库区生态环境的保护。     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Assessment of the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution on the basis of the statistical distribution of the occurrence of micromycete species

A methodology of substantiating the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution has been described according to the results of bioindication using microfungal communities. At the first state, the values of the factors under which the frequency of each species is maximal were estimated using ordination methods. The statistical distribution of the species sensitivity was simulated according to these data. The methodology was illustrated using the results of analysis of the toxicity of soil samples from uranium mine dumps (the village of Kadzhi-Sai, Kyrgyzstan). The preliminary estimates of the critical values of six soil pollution indices that provide the defined allowable probability of the ecological risk have been given.     

On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems

Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author's experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Petroleum residues in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab River and the northwest region of the Arabian Gulf

During April 1980, water samples were collected from 12 sites in the Shatt al-Arab River and its estuary in the northwest region of the Arabian Gulf. The samples were extracted and the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons were determined spectrofluorometrically, in order to provide information on the background values of oil generally present in these waters. Total hydrocarbon concentrations of these samples ranged from 2.7 to 86.7 μgL^?1 expressed in terms of Kuwait crude oil equivalents. The highest concentrations were found at sites in the Shatt al-Arab River that are near port areas.