基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算与报表编制研究

借鉴会计学复式记账核算的优点,在国际资源核算体系的基础上,根据我国自然资源资产核算需求,提出土地资源资产核算的复式记账体系和报表编制框架。研究认为,基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算和报表编制要以“摸清家底、反映自然资源负债、提供土地资源审计和绩效考核信息”为目标,明确区、县级自然资源局为土地资源资产受托管理和进行土地资源资产核算与报表编制的核算单位。在界定土地资源资产、负债和权益相关概念的基础上,提出土地资源资产属性变化的核算内容和每次土地资源资产实物量变化必须遵循占补平衡的基本原则,进行过程核算。以YC县土地资源资产变化为例,对土地资源资产变化进行了基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算与报表编制实证研究,确定核算的事项类型和特征及其借贷核算流程,编制出土地资源资产负债表,并同时进行实物量核算和价值量核算的报表编制,结果表明:YC县土地资源资产实物量1485 km^2,2018年末价值量5639874.22万元、经济权益5271874.22万元、生态权益367991.6万元,土地资源负债8.40万元,通过土地资源资产用途调整,土地资源资产价值量增加21319.42万元,但在调整过程中,形成了土地资源负债0.07 km^2(8.4万元),在以后土地整治中需要增加园地。     

基于能值分析的价值型水资源资产负债表编制

水资源在社会经济发展中的重要性逐渐显著,强化水资源综合管理是当今世界各国实现水资源可持续利用的重要途径。目前针对水资源资产负债表的基本表式、相关概念、核算方法还存在一定争议,研制水资源资产负债表,实物核算是基础,价值核算是目标。水资源价值化方法是水资源资产负债表编制的关键和难点,这一问题一直制约水资源的价值认同及其纳入国民经济核算的可行性和准确性。按照水资源负债表核算基本原理,遵循"水资源资产-水资源负债=水资源资产净值"编制思路,构建反映经济社会用水导致的水资源过度消耗、水环境损害以及生态用水挤占的水资源资产负债表。在水资源实物量资产负债表编制的基础上,根据水文循环和水资源自身特性,通过能值分析方法,把水资源多用途转换成同一标准的能值进行定量化价值研究,从而在一定程度上改进或弥补水资源价值测算方法存在的判断标准差异的不足,尝试在一张表中实现水量和水质统一核算,从水资源、水环境、水生态三方面阐明经济体对环境体产生的水资源价值量债权关系。结果表明:成都市2015年水资源耗减量不存在负债,但水环境损害和水生态用水挤占分别存在1.52亿元和1.15亿元负债,这为水资源有偿使用和水生态保护和补偿提供了依据,为真正实现编制价值型水资源资产负债表提供了新的思路和方法。     

中国石油资源的资产负债表编制初探

我国境内石油行业总体呈现原油开采量上升的态势,为之付出的经济和生态成本也越来越大。开展我国境内石油资源资产负债表的编制工作对于摸清我国石油资源的家底、评估我国石油资源开采的经济—资源—环境综合成本、探讨我国石油开采战略的合理性具有重要的意义。本文首先探讨了石油资源资产负债表的编制方法和框架,构建了集"生态系统服务"、"环境污染"和"资源消耗"三位于一体的"生态负债"账户。其次,收集并整理了重要的污染物处理成本和生态系统服务的价值评估成果,构建了价值化因子数据表。最后,基于2012年数据尝试编制了目前我国的第一份石油资源资产负债表。结果显示,(1)2012年末,我国石油资源的资产总额为1.47×109万元,负债总额为9.03×107万元,所有者权益为1.38×109万元;(2)石油资源资产总额占到当年政府资产总额的14.43%,占政府资源性资产比重达31.12%;(3)石油行业的资产负债率为6.15%,负债权益比达到了6.56%;(4)"生态系统服务"构成了负债的最大比重,达到了98.16%。总的来说,我国石油开采行业整体处于"高资产、高负债、强生态压力和弱可持续性"的状态。从这份资产负债表我们可以看出,我国境内石油开采的生态成本不容忽视。随着资源的不断开发,石油开采的边际生态成本只会越来越大,因此,能指向经济和生态两方面的综合成本应该取代账面成本成为政府进行石油资源开发的决策依据之一。此外,要落实石油资源资产负债表对于生态保护的实际指导意义,我们建议应该将石油资源开采的资产负债率、负债权益比等指标纳入官员的绩效考核体系。     

中国自然资源资产负债表框架体系研究——以SEEA2012、SNA2008和国家资产负债表为基础的一种思路

自然资源资产负债表反映的是一国或地区在某一时点上对于自然资源环境的权利义务状态,可以看成是某一特定时点生态责任主体对所拥有的自然资源资产价值和所承担的生态环境负债所拍的一张"快照"。首先,本文以DPSIR链理论模型、环境经济核算体系(SEEA2012)、国民经济核算体系(SNA2008)国家资产负债表为理论基础,构建了自然资源资产负债表的理论框架。对经济和环境信息进行整合,需要采用一种跨学科方法。依照《中华人民共和国统计法》的要求,在国民经济核算体系(SNA)中需要编制国民资产负债综合表一张,机构部门资产负债表四张。国家资产负债表方法,就是以一国或一国政府为会计主体,通过账户整合将分散的分类核算账户纳入统一的资产负债权益框架,以期初和期末的资产、负债及净资产存量等形式,综合反映出一国物质财富"家底"的编报方法与技术体系。采用国家资产负债表的方法对自然资源总体情况进行信息披露,就是利用会计学中的资产负债表工具,客观全面反映生态责任主体在某一时点的自然资源静态存量情况,显示某一时间上自然资源资产的"家底"和结构,反映一定时间内的自然资产存量的变化。自然资源资产负债表是充分利用上述理论基础和核算方法进行自然资源信息披露的一种方式。接着,本文采用国家资产负债表的编制方法和技术手段,构建了以资产、负债和净资产为会计要素的自然资源资产负债表,以全面反映自然资源环境"家底"。自然资源资产是指天然存在、有使用价值、产权明确、可提高人类当前和未来福利的自然环境因素的总和;自然资源负债从经济本质上看,是会计主体在某一时点上应该承担的自然资源"现时义务",该"现时义务"是人类在利用自然资源过程中所承担的能以货币计量、需以资产或劳务偿付的环境责任;自然资源净资产,是一国或地区所拥有的全部自然财富总和,它在数量上应该等于自然资源资产减去自然资源负债,即全部自然资源资产减去全部自然资源负债后的净值。最后,本文提出了推进自然资源行政管理改革、建立和完善自然资源台账系统、建立自然资源经营权交易市场、颁布自然资源计量核算准则体系等政策配套措施。     

中国自然资源资产负债表编制及运用的关键问题

完善的自然资源资产负债表编制体系,能为国家和各级政府摸清“家底”,进行宏观经济管理、资源配置等工作提供重要的数据信息。党的十八届三中全会提出探索编制自然资源资产负债表之后,与此相关的理论研究迅速增加,但针对自然资源资产负债表编制和运用的理论与实践仍存在一些模糊认识;诸如自然资源负债等难以确定的问题。着眼于此,本文对我国自然资源资产负债表的编制现状进行了认真的思考,总结出自然资源资产负债表编制和运用的六个关键问题,即对国际规范SEEA2012和SNA2008的认识问题,对以县级单位为起点的编制主体的认识问题,对单式和复式表格根本区别的认识问题,对实物量和价值量转换难点的认识问题,对自然资源资产负债表信息渠道与平台建设的认识问题,对自然资源资产负债表编制中各部门权责关系的认识问题。以此为基础,本文从国际做法和国内实践两个角度进行了分析,并提出了本文观点:编制和运用自然资源资产负债表,应全面理解、充分借鉴SEEA2012和SNA2008的国际规范;确立以县级及以下政府层级为起点的编制主体;转变为“从单式到复式”的编表思路,坚持使用复式表格;迈出实物量向价值量转化的重要一步,重视价值量核算;建设自然资源数据收集的信息渠道与平台;处理好自然资源资产负债表编制中各部门间的权责关系。本文研究有利于推进自然资源资产负债表编制与运用工作,发挥自然资源资产负债表在我国的生态文明建设中的重要作用。     

自然资源资产负债表研究现状、评述与改进方向

自然资源资产负债表概念是中国的一项重要理论和制度创新,但其研究还存在一些问题和争议,如对自然资源资产负债表中资源类别未能达成共识,对资产、负债和权益的界定不清晰,价值核算还不准确等。此外,其编制工作也进展缓慢。本文认为,自然资源资产负债表基础理论和方法都尚不成熟,需要重新诠释概念,并引入新的核算方法,使其中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰,数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学。可以另辟蹊径,借鉴生态足迹的思想,从三方面做出改进:第一,将资源类别界定为耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域、能源矿产和非能源矿产七类,以避免重复核算问题。第二,进一步明确土地和矿产两类资源的资产、负债和权益的含义,可以引入生态足迹方法,用土地生态足迹、生态承载力和生态赤字分别衡量土地资产、土地权益和土地(过载)负债,使得土地过载负债的核算成为可能,且在土地权益核算时能够同时考虑土地面积和质量;可以用已消耗的矿产资源衡量环境负债,以避免环境负债价值的系统性偏误问题。第三,可以将生态足迹方法与生态系统服务价值评估方法结合起来,以估算土地的资产、权益和负债价值,以避免土地价值估算的系统性偏误问题;可以用改进的市场价格法核算矿产或环境的三种价值,避免环境负债价值核算的随意性。引入生态足迹方法可以使自然资源资产负债表中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰易懂,并使得资源的数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学,结果更加可信。     

中国绿色国民经济核算研究报告2004

绿色国民经济核算是目前国内外研究的热点之一。在中国绿色国民经济核算体系的框架体系下，分别采用治理成本法和污染损失法对中国2004年经环境污染调整的绿色GDP进行了核算，并分别给出全国各地区和行业的核算结果。核算结果表明，2004年中国环境污染损失占当年的3.05％，GDP的环境污染扣减指数为1.8％。文章首先介绍了核算的方法和内容，然后分别绘出了污染物实物量核算和价值量核算的结果，最后给出了2004年经环境污染调整的GDP核算结果。     

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计的重点——基于总体评价视角

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计的重点确定,是新的审计监督制度在实践中面临的第一道难题,具体表现为各级审计机关对"审什么""怎么审"的困惑。该项研究从服务审计实践和推进生态文明体制改革的导向出发,结合多年审计实践经验,运用实地调研、访谈座谈,审计现场参与观察等资料收集方法和政策分析、审计意见分析、文献分析等资料分析方法,探讨了确立领导干部自然资源资产离任审计重点的理论基础、坚持原则、具体维度和相关方法,并结合实际审计案例加以阐释。具体而言,总体评价视角以习近平生态文明思想的系统观和法治观为基础,是确定领导干部自然资源资产离任审计重点的中心视角,反映了对党政领导干部任期内履行资源环境治理责任情况进行整体性鉴证的要求。从这一视角出发,应把握好审问题与评履责之间的对应、审后果与评原因之间的衔接、审个案与评总体之间的统一这三个方面的原则,并聚焦以下维度的分析研究建立审计重点事项清单:①资源环境生态禀赋特点;②自然资源资产管理和生态环境保护重大事项;③自然资源资产实物量和生态环境质量的约束性指标;④辖区资源环境生态问题的总体性情况;⑤政策链条中的领导干部行政行为;⑥领导干部对资源环境生态问题的治理绩效。建立审计重点事项清单,可拓展领导干部自然资源资产离任审计内容,为丰富国家审计的审计评价理论和审计实践提供依据。     

不可再生资源储量与信息最优发布时间

本文考虑了一个拥有两种不同成本的不可再生资源的资源所有者对高成本资源储量信息公布如何进行决策的问题,即如果现在尚未开采、且开采成本较高的不可再生资源储量发生变化时,资源所有者是否会隐瞒信息。依据传统的Hotelling模型,高成本的资源会在低成本的资源开采完毕之后才会投入使用,而即使是未来才会开采的资源的储量也会影响现有的资源的市场价格;通过隐瞒或是宣布未来资源新的储量信息,资源所有者可以获得或失去现有的收益,但同时失去或得到未来的收益。资源所有者必须通过权衡两者的得失来决定最优的资源储量的新信息的宣布时间。本文的研究表明,在不考虑保密成本的情况下,如果高成本的资源储量变大,资源所有者会把信息隐瞒到最后才宣布;如果储量变小,那么资源所有者会立即宣布。本文还分析了这一结果似乎与现实中实际情况不符的原因,包括:(1)资源所有者可能本身不是长期利益最大化的,这会导致它们做出符合短期利益的行为。(2)保密本身也需要成本,当保密成本够大时,资源所有者就没有动机去保密了。     

公平视角下矿产资源开采收益分享制度研究

矿产资源是重要的不可再生性自然资源,是国民经济与社会发展至关重要的物质基础,扭曲的矿产资源开采收益分享机制导致矿产资源富集区不能将资源优势转化为经济优势。本文在公平视角下对矿产资源开采过程中的正负两种收益,在中央政府、资源使用地政府、资源开采地政府及当地居民与采矿企业五个分享主体间形成的政府与市场、政府与社会、中央与地方、地方与地方四个分享关系进行了梳理,发现矿产资源税费率过低导致采矿企业攫取了本应属于政府部门的收益;税费分享比例不科学导致矿产资源开采收益分配的重心不断向中央政府上移;采矿企业逃避负外部成本攫取了本应属于矿产资源开采地政府及当地居民的收益;矿产资源价格偏低导致矿产资源开采收益由矿产资源开采地让渡给了矿产资源使用地。总体上看,中央政府、采矿企业与资源使用地政府获得的收益远超承担的成本,而资源开采地政府及当地居民不仅没有在矿产资源开采中获得好处反而要承担生态环境损害成本。针对现行不公平的矿产资源开采收益分享机制,必须理顺矿产资源开采收益分配关系,完善矿产资源有偿使用制度,理顺政府与企业间的收益分享关系;提高矿产资源开采地政府税费分成比例,理顺中央和地方间的收益分配关系;深化矿产资源价格改革,理顺矿产资源开采地政府及当地居民与采矿企业、矿产资源使用地政府的关系;设立矿产资源开采地生态补偿基金,构建生态补偿横向转移支付制度,理顺矿产资源开采地政府与使用地政府的关系。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.