基于三阶段DEA与Malmquist指数分解的长江经济带水资源利用效率研究

长江经济带水资源的合理有效使用为经济的可持续发展提供了重要保障。以长江经济带11省市为研究对象,运用三阶段DEA模型和Malmquist对2010~2014年11省市水资源的利用效率进行了静态和动态分析。研究结果表明:在剔除了外部环境因素和随机误差因素以后,纯技术效率均值和综合技术效率均值被低估,规模效率均值被高估,投入规模不足是扼制我国水资源利用效率提升的瓶颈。同时,东中西部省份的水资源利用效率差异显著,呈现"东部中部西部"的格局。通过对Malmquist指数分解可知,全要素生产率指数与技术变化值的演变趋势基本一致,反映了全要素生产率指数对技术变化的严重依赖。因此,扩大生产规模,加大科技投入和知识创新,优化和升级产业结构是提高水资源利用效率的重要途径。     

长江经济带沿线城市水资源绿色效率及节水减排潜力时空演变

准确测算长江经济带沿线城市水资源绿色效率,对长江经济带沿线城市的水资源合理利用和绿色发展建设具有重要意义。运用SE-SBM模型(Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Model)测度2010～2019年长江经济带沿线45个城市水资源绿色效率,结合泰尔指数分解探究其水资源绿色效率地区差异的形成根源,并采用ML指数方法(Malmquist-Luenberger)挖掘水资源绿色效率变化的内在原因;进而,利用水资源投入和水污染物产出的实际值与最优值的差异测算长江经济带沿线45个城市的节水减排潜力。结果显示：(1)研究期内长江经济带沿线45个城市有77.8%的城市水资源绿色效率处于无效率,水资源绿色效率空间分布呈现为长江经济带下游>上游>中游;(2)2010～2019年长江经济带沿线45个城市水资源绿色效率整体处于上升阶段,但有昭通、丽江、攀枝花、贵阳、铜陵、湖州、绍兴、舟山和鄂州等9个沿线城市水资源绿色效率处于下降阶段,受到不同程度的纯技术效率、规模效率和技术进步变化的影响;(3)将节水潜力、污水减排潜力和工业废水减排潜力值分别划分为“低、中和高”3个区间段,...     

基于主成分分析法的长江经济带省会城市水生态文明评价

城市水生态文明评价指标体系是测量水生态文明,指导城市水生态文明建设的基础。在综述国内水生态文明评价研究文献基础上,按水生态、水经济和水社会三大系统,从水生态、水工程、水经济、水管理和水文化等方面筛选了18项指标构建了水生态文明城市建设平价指标体系,并应用主成分分析法对长江经济带11个省会城市的水生态文明建设水平进行测度分析。结果显示长沙、杭州、成都和贵阳的城市水生态文明综合得分靠前,上海、南京得分较低,并且与其他城市相比差距较为明显;将长江经济带11个省会城市的水生态文明状况划分为5个等级,以体现不同城市水生态文明的差异性,并按空间格局分析了长江经济带东部、中部和西部三大区域的水生态文明程度。     

长江经济带绿色水资源效率时空分异研究——基于SE-SBM与ML指数法

长江经济带作为全球最大的内河流域经济带,是我国"新常态"经济发展的重要新引擎。为确保以"黄金水道"为依托的长江经济带健康发展,应着力打造沿江绿色发展轴,重视生态保护及污染治理,尤其是水资源利用的可持续化。将长江经济带沿线11个省市作为研究对象,基于经济-环境-社会可持续绿色发展的理念建立SE-SBM模型,定量分析2002～2016年长江经济带绿色水资源效率时空变化,并利用ML指数方法探讨绿色水资源效率影响因素。研究表明:(1)长江经济带绿色水资源效率随时间出现轻微下降趋势,区域性差异明显,上、下游均出现不同程度的效率值下降,中游稳定于较低水平,形成水资源效率"上游下游中游"的格局;(2)重庆、贵州、上海3个地区平均水资源利用率达到DEA有效,浙江、江西、湖北效率值处于较低水平,江苏、云南水资源利用效率波动明显;(3)技术进步指数是影响水资源效率的主要因素。基于以上研究结果,从打造区域系统性开发,实现经济协调发展;提高技术效率,加大节水技术改造;实施"三水共治",强化水资源管理三方面提出政策建议。旨在促进长江经济带水资源合理开发利用,实现区域经济、社会可持续发展。     

汉江流域基于模糊物元评价和数据包络分析的水资源用水效率评价

结合当前水利部在实施最严格水资源管理过程中对用水效率控制的要求,构建了涵盖工业、农业、生活、生态的用水效率评价指标体系和评价标准,采用基于熵权的模糊物元评价法和数据包络分析法(DEA)对汉江流域各行政区2010、2012和2014年的用水效率进行了评价。结果显示:两种方法所得结果一致,即汉江流域各行政区2014年的用水效率均有大幅度提高,主要集中在较高和中等水平;除武汉市用水效率达到最佳水平之外,其他各行政区均为DEA无效,且规模收益均为规模递增,说明汉江流域各地区已经采取措施来提高用水效率,并取得了初步成效,但仍存在很大的节水潜力,需通过节水技术进步和产业结构调整来提高用水效率。此研究结果可为汉江流域水资源利用和节水措施提供参考和依据。     

长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制研究

以长江经济带为研究区域,综合运用DEA模型、ESDA统计指数及Tobit线性回归模型等方法对长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制进行了初步地分析。结果表明:(1)2000~2012年长江经济带城市土地利用效率总体上呈上升趋势,存在显著区域差异,且技术效率高于综合效率和规模效率;(2)全局上城市土地利用效率呈现出正的空间自相关,效率高(低)的城市相互空间邻接;局部上城市土地利用效率的L-L类型主要集中在川西高原区,空间分布形态较平稳,而效率H-H类型主要分布在上海及苏南地区,并逐渐向绍杭、皖江地区演化,从"一字形"转向"Z字形"分布;(3)城镇化、经济发展、产业结构、科技水平及土地市场化是研究期长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局时空演变主要驱动力。     

长江流域农业用水效率研究:基于超效率DEA和Tobit模型

提高农业用水效率对于农业可持续发展和保障粮食安全具有重大意义。考虑降雨量中绿水资源对农作物生长的重要性,将绿水资源纳入农业用水总量,全面分析长江流域农业用水效率变动趋势。基于1998~2011年长江流域10个省份的面板数据,运用超效率DEA和Tobit模型对流域农业用水效率进行了测度和影响因素的检验。研究发现:(1)在研究期间内,长江流域农业用水效率呈现出波段式上升态势;流域各区段的用水效率呈下游、上游、中游依次递减的区域分布格局。(2)灌溉费、节水灌溉技术和农业对外开放度对流域农业用水效率有显著的正向效应;人均水资源量和年降水量均对流域农业用水效率有负向关系,但只有降水量在统计上显著。研究结果表明应当提高长江流域,尤其是中上游水资源禀赋较高地区的农业用水效率;在农业节水的具体政策方面,调整农业灌溉水价、加强农业技术创新能力和扩大农业经济对外开放程度能够取得较为显著的节水效应。     

长江经济带城市发展绿色效率研究

我国经济发展进入新常态,资源和环境约束压力不断增强。城市是现代经济增长的中心,绿色高效是我国城市转型发展的必由之路。本文构建反映城市经济增长、社会效益、资源节约、环境保护的绿色效率体系,并利用DEA作为工具来监测长江经济带108个地级及以上城市绿色效率。研究表明,长江经济带城市绿色效率整体水平不高,但是有逐步改善的趋势。将城市绿色综合效率进一步分解为规模效率和技术效率,相比规模效率,技术效率成为制约长江经济带绿色城市综合效率的主要因素。长江经济带城市要改变目前效率低下的现状关键在于提高技术效率,推进城市的创新发展,推动新技术、新产业、新业态的发展,促进产业结构的优化升级。本文对投入产出的冗余度与不足度进行了分析,并解释了低效率的根源。从资源投入的冗余度来看,土地资源能源劳动力技术资本水资源,长江经济带资源利用率低,存在高投入、高消耗的问题,加快长江经济带中西部地区城市绿色发展,应合理配置资源要素。从期望产出不足度来看,地方财政预算内收入社会消费品零售总额GDP,长江经济带目前总体发展模式还是追求经济产出的最大化,而忽视了经济运行的质量与社会效益。绿色效率不高主要集中在资源的过度消耗和环境污染物过度排放方面,其中环境问题成为城市发展过程中提高绿色效率亟待解决的重点和难点问题。应共同推进生态环境的保护,改革创新环境管理体制机制,推行环境保护市场化,加强对环境的监管和治理,这关系着长江经济带城市发展绿色效率的提高与生态文明示范带的实现。     

城市开发的资源利用效率测度与评价——基于30个省会城市的实证研究

城市开发要追求资源利用的高效率,对城市开发的资源利用效率进行测度和评价可以为城市开发规划和政策制定提供科学的决策依据。以中国30个省会城市为研究对象,运用数据包络分析DEA的模型和方法,对其资源利用的综合效率,纯技术效率和规模效率进行了测度和评价。研究指出:从总体上看,我国省会城市开发的资源利用效率较低,有19个城市处于无效状态;大部分省会城市处于规模收益递增或递减的状态;投影分析表明省会城市开发中存在资源的投入冗余和产出不足现象;从省会城市的区域分布上看差异较为明显,东部地区省会城市开发的资源利用效率要高于中西部地区;综合效率和多个投入产出指标之间存在一定的多元因果关系。城市开发应加大技术投入,优化资源配置,控制城市规模,要依靠技术进步来提高开发的资源利用效率。     

水权交易市场运行对试点地区水资源利用效率影响研究

在全面践行"节水优先"治水方针和大力推进国家节水行动背景下,尤其是水资源治理领域正式引入市场机制以来,科学测算试点地区水资源利用效率水平,客观分析水权交易市场运行对水资源利用效率的影响,对于完善水资源治理工具和提升水资源治理能力具有决策参考价值。基于投入产出生产函数思想,采用三阶段DEA模型和Malmquist指数方法,以固定资产投资、总用水量、劳动力为投入指标,以地区生产总值为输出指标,对中国30个省份(西藏和港澳台地区除外)自2006—2016年间的水资源利用效率进行了静态和动态分析及评价。通过与其他非试点省份进行参照对比,重点研究水权交易试点地区水资源利用效率的变化趋势,从而探究水权交易对水资源利用效率的影响。研究结果显示:①总体上来说,水权交易对水资源利用效率有积极的促进作用。各试点地区在水权交易市场运行后的水资源利用效率基本都得到了提高,效率排名也均明显有所上升,同时,水权试点省份中水资源利用效率提升的省份比例远高于非试点省份。②从全要素生产率指数反映的动态变化来看,技术进步变化对全要素生产率指数有明显的影响,技术进步有利于水资源利用效率的提高。基于研究结论,提出应在水权交易试点的基础上,因地制宜地全面推进水权交易市场建设,加大节水技术研发与推广应用,依靠市场机制,激励用水主体的节水行为,从而深入践行"节水优先"治水方针和推行国家节水行动。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Concentration and characterization of plutonium in soils of Hubei in central China

To study the Pu concentration and isotope ratio distributions present in China, the ^239+240Pu total activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in core soil samples from Hubei Province in central China were investigated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The activities ranged from 0.019 to 0.502 mBq g⁻¹ and the ^239+240Pu inventories of 45 and ∼55 Bq m⁻² agree well with that expected from global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the soil ranged from 0.172 to 0.220. The ratios are similar to typical global fallout values. Hence, any close-in fallout contribution from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests, mainly conducted in the 1970s, must have either been negligible or had a similar ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio to that of global fallout. The top 10 cm layer of the soil contributes ∼90% of the total inventory and the maximum concentrations appeared in the 2-4 cm or 4-6 cm layers. It is suggested that climatic conditions and organic content are the two main factors that affect the vertical migration of plutonium in soil.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Radionuclides in terrestrial ecosystems of the zone of Kyshtym accident in the Urals

It was shown that along the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace central axis, about 100 km in length, decrease of the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs deposition densities in soil samples may be described as an exponential function. At the western and eastern periphery of the trace, ⁹⁰Sr contents in soils approached to the background level due to global fallout. ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in seeds of some herbaceous plants have been determined. The radionuclide concentrations and the resulting dose loads upon plant seeds showed an excess over the background level of about two or three orders of magnitude.     

Diffusion of Lead-free Soldering in Electronics Industry in China

The EU directives on e-waste management (WEEE and RoHS) have drawn the attention of electronics producers around the world to the environmental benign technologies in recent years. One of the technological challenges to the electronics manufacturers is the adoption of the lead-free soldering system. This article studies the diffusion of lead-free soldering technology among the electronics producers in China, and finds out the relevance of clusters for the diffusion of environmental benign technological innovation among firms. Four agents, as key promoters, were identified within the production network –leading global brand-name companies, the OEM companies who provide integrated manufacturing service, the suppliers of lead-free components, and specialized consultant companies. The conclusion is that industrial cluster facilitates communications among all agents for the diffusion of innovation, whereas, the incentives for firms within the cluster, to collaborate for innovation, comes from outside.     

Ecophysiological Parameters of Transpiration in Coniferous Woody Plants in Phytocenoses of the North

Long-term observations on needle transpiration in pine and spruce, the main forest-forming tree species in the North, made it possible to estimate the rate of this process depending on different ecological factors in years with different weather conditions. Using a large amount of data, an attempt was made to compare transpiration rates in pine and spruce and reveal some specific features of this process under conditions of the North.     

Dynamics of Habitat Distribution in Birds Differing in the Level of Site Tenacity

The dynamics of habitat distribution in two bird species differing in the level of site tenacity—willow warbler (relatively tenacious) and little bunting (more flexible)—were studied at the boundary of the northern taiga and forest–tundra zones over ten years. The distribution pattern proved to be more uniform in the willow warbler than in the little bunting. Both species occupied their habitats according to a well-known scheme: initially, the birds settled in their favorable floodplain habitats and later; when their abundance increased, in less preferable habitats (terraces above the floodplain, moss bogs, and the tundra). In the case of willow warbler, the process of occupying the floodplain was stepwise: bird density increased sharply, remained at the same level in the next year, then increased again, etc. In the case of little bunting, the degree of floodplain occupation by birds remained high, except for the years when high spring floods interfered with bird settling.     

Effect of Increase in Price of Oil on Behavior of Private Car Owners in Beijing

In order to understand the short-term response of private car owners to changes in the price of oil, a survey was conducted in Beijing after the gasoline price in China rose in June 2008. It showed that private car drivers in Beijing reduced their trips in the one month period following the price adjustment. Certain trip characteristics and drivers' demographics significantly influenced price elasticity in the short term, including the purpose of the trip, the distance covered and the income of the car driver.