废旧家电回收主体的利益和责任分析

在推进废旧家电资源化的进程中,合理界定回收处置阶段各相关主体的利益和责任至关重要.目前相关研究大多是定性的阐述,本文对回收主体的利益和责任进行了定量研究.依据受益者负担原则,废旧家电污染的责任发生在产品消费后阶段,造成的环境外部成本应由制造商、分销商、消费者和政府等受益主体来承担;基于Stackelberg博弈理论,考虑制造商参与销售和回收渠道不同情形下的经济效益、回收废旧家电的生态效益,建立了回收主体的利益数学模型;依据责权利对等原则,确定相关主体应承担的责任比例,并通过例证予以说明.结果表明:参与回收的主体不同,制造商参与渠道的程度不同,主体间的利益分配比例、应承担的环境外部成本和回收处置阶段的责任比例也会发生变化.研究结论为建立规范的回收体系,实现废旧家电的再生利用,促进循环经济的发展提供了借鉴.     

德国废物管理立法的制度特色与启示

自然资源的过度消耗和废物排放引起环境退化与污染。资源节约利用和有效的废物管理是循环经济的应有之意。德罾建立了以绿点计划为代表的较为完善的废物回收、循环利用系统。废物再生利用率居世界首位，积累了发展循环经济的有益经验。德国废物管理立法主要有以下制度特色和环境政策蕴涵：“与环境相协调”的环境政策导向，延伸生产者责任，政府与民间社会分工合作的废物管理体制，生产者责任组织的成功运作。立法设定包装物回收、循环利用的目标和时间表，一次性饮料包装的强制性押金制度。     

循环经济下再生资源规范回收行为研究

提出将再生资源回收分为规范回收与非规范回收两种类型,认为回收行为是建立规范循环经济体系规划的数据基础和政策效应的微观基础。以废旧家电为例,设计了包括废旧家电回收再利用形势感知、回收现状、回收再利用态度、回收影响因素、回收行为以及废旧家电生态消费态度、生态消费问题感知、生态消费影响因素、生态消费行为等9类共31个问题,通过对312名在校大学生的调查,分析了样本个体废旧家电回收因素、样本家庭实际回收行为及现状因素、样本个体废旧家电回收方式的影响因素等废旧家电回收问题及行为总体状况,采用单因素分析方法,深入挖掘了样本不同的社会—经济、社会—人口属性及其他相关因素在废旧家电回收行为上的差异性,给出了相应的理论解释。在调查分析的基础上,提出了促进再生资源规范回收的实施对策。     

"循环经济"概念辨析

基于对循环经济在德国、日本产生和发展状况的考察和我国目前关于循环经济的着干代表性定义的分析，指出循环经济是相对于传统的“资源-产品-废弃物”单向流动的线形经济而言的，是建立在生态学规律之上的一种以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为原则。以资源（特别是物质资源）的节约和循环利用为核心，以低消耗、低排放、高效率为基本特征，以避免、减少、再利用、资源化、热回收、无害化处置作为处理废弃物的先后次序，构造上高度接近于“资源-产品-再生资源”反馈式闭路循环，符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式，是解决我国资源环境与经济发展之间矛盾的重要途径之一。最后分析了循环经济与节约型社会、清洁生产、节约能源、资源综合利用等概念之间的分析，进而提出支持我国建设节约型社会的法律体系至少应当包括《循环经济与资源综合利用促进法》、节约型社会的基本目标、原则和法律制度。以此为基础，再考虑进一步制定针对包装物、电子垃圾、废旧汽车等的法律法规。     

国外废旧家用电子电器回收再利用研究

随着废旧家用电子电器数量和种类的增加及其产生的环境污染问题，废旧家用电子电器的处理处置、回收再利用引起世界各国的广泛关注。本文阐述了一些工业发达国家在废旧家用电子电器回收再利用方面所采取的措施、取得的成功经验和未来发展趋势。     

基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估模式与方法研究——以吉林省某钢铁企业为例

促进废旧资源循环利用是加快推进我国生态文明建设,完成节能减排目标的必然选择。本文基于生命周期评价模式,从微观企业层面入手,构建产品全生命周期基准流程,引入能量输入与环境输出参数,建立废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果量化核算模型,评估再生产品的节能减排经济成效,并以吉林省某钢铁企业为例,评估"废钢-电炉"短流程和"铁矿石-高炉-转炉"长流程的能源、环境、成本差异,辨识影响废钢再循环节能减排效果的主要因素和重要环节。结果显示,再生钢铁全生命周期与原生钢铁全生命周期相比,节能588.48kgce/t,节能率为84%;主要污染物中SO2减排率最高,达92%;CO2总减排1 180.92 kg/t,减排率为67%;总成本却高出198元/t。其中,炼铁工序的节能量和减碳量最大,烧结工序SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量最大,焦化工序COD和氨氮减排量最大,回收、加工处理、炼钢环节节能量和减碳量以及SO2、NOx和烟(粉)尘减排量均为负。成本方面,再生钢铁生产成本高于原生钢铁308元/t,虽然再生钢铁由于污染减排可节省56元/t的排污费并获取54元/t的碳交易收益,但都不足以扭转电炉炼钢费用较高的现状。因此,国家应在电炉炼钢方面给予钢企及相关企业适当的财税扶持政策,在电价方面给予钢企一定的优惠或补贴,并完善废钢回收加工体系等,以促进废钢循环利用。基于LCA的废旧资源循环利用节能减排效果评估可以实现对产品生命周期全过程的资源、环境、成本的优化管理。     

城市垃圾分类回收多元主体利益博弈与差别责任分析

生活垃圾分类回收过程中合理界定各主体的利益责任,对实现垃圾减量化与资源化至关重要。关于生活垃圾分类的研究多为定性的政策性建议研究,本文对回收体系中各主体的利润责任进行了定量研究。根据污染者付费原则与受益者原则,生活垃圾处理的责任方为居民,但依据我国国情现状与垃圾处理的公共物品属性,政府成为公共环境的主要维护者。依据Stackelberg博弈理论,分析不同分类比例下,居民、收运企业、处理企业效益情况,构建利益经济模型;依据权责利对等原则,确定各主体应承担责任比例。结果表明:居民垃圾分类比例的变化会影响各主体的利益责任比例。结论研究可为建立规范生活垃圾回收体系,促进循环经济发展提供借鉴。     

中国废旧汽车再生资源潜力分析

汽车产业的快速发展使得废旧汽车再生资源成为资源供应的又一重要来源,关于其回收潜力的研究则是再生资源有效再利用的重要前提。本文建立了汽车产品在生产-消费-报废-排放全过程物质代谢的动态分布模型,基于威布尔分布密度函数构建汽车寿命模型,并进一步建立汽车消费量及再生资源回收潜力预测模型。利用1990-2010年我国轿车、客车、货车消费的相关时间序列样本数据,分别从国家、区域两个层面预测了汽车报废量的动态变化趋势及再生资源回收潜力,并探讨了三种类型汽车消费比例及各类型汽车平均寿命的改变对其报废量及再生资源回收潜力的影响。据预测,2020年当年将产生废旧汽车近1 400万辆,再生资源回收潜力约3 100万吨;其中我国东部地区废旧汽车再生资源潜力超过全国的50%。不同类型汽车消费比例的变化或汽车使用寿命的延长均对再生资源总量及回收年限均产生影响,在进行废旧汽车回收拆解及资源化利用等园区、基地规划时应予以充分考虑,以实现产能的匹配及再生资源的高效配置。     

面向循环经济的共享单车可持续发展治理路径——基于上海市实践案例的政策模拟北大核心CSCDCSSCI

共享单车作为新时代居民低碳出行的典型交通工具,探讨如何实现其全生命周期的可持续发展意义重大。立足于中国城市共享单车发展挑战,文章创新性提出了面向循环经济的共享单车可持续发展治理框架以及基于3R原则的治理路径,构建了集故障车辆减量化、故障车辆再利用和报废车辆资源化三个子模块为一体的复杂系统动力学模型。在此基础上,基于上海市实践案例,对循环经济视角下共享单车可持续发展路径进行了多情景仿真模拟。研究发现:(1)用户使用行为治理、回收参与行为治理、城市投放总量控制、故障车辆回收监控和生产者责任延伸制五种策略均对共享单车行业的可持续发展起到显著作用;(2)就单一策略而言,生产者责任延伸制和故障车辆回收监控是政府治理故障和报废车辆、运营商降低生产和回收处置成本,进而提升行业资源利用效率的两种最佳治理举措,城市投放总量控制次之;(3)就组合策略而言,五种策略的综合集成实施是促进中国共享单车可持续发展的最优治理路径,全面实施后,2021—2031年上海市报废单车总量将减少71.15%,运营商的生产和回收处置成本节约73.77%,碳排放减少8.78万t。基于上述研究结果,文章提出实施生产者责任延伸制度、“科学谨慎”执行城市投放总量控制、“引导+规范+约束”用户可持续使用行为、提高用户回收参与意愿、加强故障车辆回收监控等政策建议。这项研究旨在为共享单车可持续发展的顶层设计提供决策参考,为国家“交通强国建设、碳达峰与碳中和”三重战略目标的实现提供助力。此外,文章为共享经济产品的可持续发展研究开辟了新的视角,为后续循环经济与共享经济的集成探究奠定了重要基础。     

循环经济学:学科特征与趋势展望

在比较分析有关循环经济学研究内容相关论述的基础上．从“自然-人类社会-空间”三维系统的角度，提出循环经济学的内涵．认为循环经济学是以缓解资源、环境、生态问题为目标，运用经济学方法研究物质流、能源流的运行机理、方式、技术、效率、机制的一门应用经济学科．并且从人地关系系统分解角度．分别界定了生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学与循环经济学的研究范畴．认为循环经济学是以人类系统与自然系统的相互关系及其所引起的人与人之间的相互关系为研究对象的．而生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学所涉及的只是人地关系中的子系统。据此，还进一步分析了当前我国循环经济学研究的主要方向、发展趋势。研究视角主要包括技术流程分析、深层生态分析和模式分析；今后的研究趋势则主要在于寻求理论创新、加强对循环经济模式的经济学分析，加强对于区域循环经济发展的长期分析、加强对于循环经济运行的多角度分析和加强循环经济学与相关学科的对比与借鉴研究。在此基础上构建包括理论体系、内容体系和方法体系在内的循环经济学研究的内容体系：     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Conservation, commercialisation and confusion: harvesting of Ischyrolepis in a coastal forest, South Africa

Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Radionuclide content of building materials and associated gamma dose rates in Egyptian dwellings

Studies have been carried out to determine the natural radioactivity in some building materials (bricks, tiles, marble and ceramics) and their associated radiation hazard. The radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a Hp–Ge detector. The activities of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U were measured using an alpha-spectrometer with a surface barrier detector after applying a radiochemical procedure. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios were calculated. The radium equivalent activities and the radiation hazard index associated with the natural radionuclides were calculated. A computer program was developed and applied to calculate the dose rate a person will receive from the walls of a room constructed from the studied building materials.     

Education for Sustainable Development: The Johannesburg Summit and Beyond

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg during 26 August and 4 September 2002, was a truly remarkable event, not least because it identified and committed the world community to what has to be done to realise Agenda 21 objectives. Discussion begins with the "means of implementation" of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPI). Education for, and raising awareness of, sustainable development are the key commitments in the "means of implementation". The issues central to these commitments are discussed. The crucial role of moral philosophy in education for sustainable development is then discussed. Defining the "problem" as lack of progress (in fact negative progress between Rio and Johannesburg) towards global sustainable development, a cause–effect relationship of the "problem" is developed based on a systematic and logical analysis. It shows that the "cause" is West's profoundly materialistic, environment-degrading and exploitative attitude and activities to satisfy grossly unsustainable, hedonistic and insatiably avaricious Western life-styles – life-styles that are held up by the West as "ideal" fruits of economic "development" to be aspired by all. The "effects" are pollution of air, water and soil; mounting loss of biodiversity, ecosystems and species; relentlessly widening north–south divide, etc. It is argued that while science and technology can address some of the "effects", they cannot address the "cause". Only moral philosophy can by fundamentally re-orienting moral values genuinely to respect nature and the environment. Based on sound and tested principles of Educational Psychology, a proposal is then made for including moral philosophy in the formal curricula (content and pedagogy) of primary, secondary and higher education for instilling in children and young people genuinely environment-respecting moral values. To this end a generic syllabus for the secondary level is proposed. Finally, it is argued that if the scientific community really believes that science or technology alone can radically change the pervasive environment-degrading moral values to those that genuinely respect the environment, thus paving the way to real global sustainability, then it must demonstrate how this could be done and explain why, despite their abundant science and technology, the developed nations are the biggest polluters and consumers with grossly unsustainable life-styles. Certainly, examples would be much more convincing than rhetoric or tired old clichés about how science and technology alone could deliver global sustainable development.     

Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment?

Nanotechnology is a major innovative scientific and economic growth area, which may present a variety of hazards for environmental and human health. The surface properties and very small size of nanoparticles and nanotubes provide surfaces that may bind and transport toxic chemical pollutants, as well as possibly being toxic in their own right by generating reactive radicals. There is a wealth of evidence for the harmful effects of nanoscale combustion-derived particulates (ultrafines), which when inhaled can cause a number of pulmonary pathologies in mammals and humans. However, release of manufactured nanoparticles into the aquatic environment is largely an unknown. This review addresses the possible hazards associated with nanomaterials and harmful effects that may result from exposure of aquatic animals to nanoparticles. Possible nanoparticle association with naturally occurring colloids and particles is considered together with how this could affect their bioavailability and uptake into cells and organisms. Uptake by endocytotic routes are identified as probable major mechanisms of entry into cells; potentially leading to various types of toxic cell injury. The higher level consequences for damage to animal health, ecological risk and possible food chain risks for humans are also considered based on known behaviours and toxicities for inhaled and ingested nanoparticles in the terrestrial environment. It is concluded that a precautionary approach is required with individual evaluation of new nanomaterials for risk to the health of the environment. Although current toxicity testing protocols should be generally applicable to identify harmful effects associated with nanoparticles, research into new methods is required to address the special properties of nanomaterials.     

Factors affecting the sex ratio in the honeybee mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Varroa jacobsoni</Emphasis>

Study of the seasonal variation of the sex ratio in the honeybee mite Varroa jacobsoni demonstrated that sex determination was affected by temperature, order of reproductive cycles, and population densities in the host’s brood cell and the honeybee nest. The mechanism of reproduction ensuring adaptation of the mite to parasitism and reproduction on honeybees are discussed.     

Development of a Test System for Assessing the Toxicity of Multicomponent Wastes Stored in the Natural Environment

A biological test system is proposed for assessing the toxicity of multicomponent wastes stored in the natural environment, with sewage sludge being used as an example. The principles of creating a test system and ranking the samples of multicomponent masses with respect to environmental hazard are discussed.     

Concentrations of U,U, U,Th, Th,Th, Ra,Ra, Ra,Po, Pb and Pb in drinking water in Italy: reconciling safety standards based on measurements of gross α and β

Some important naturally occurring α- and β-radionuclides in drinking water samples collected in Italy were determined and the radiological quality evaluated. The mean activity concentrations (mBq L⁻¹) of the radionuclides in the water samples were almost in the order: 26 ± 36 (²³⁴U) > 21 ± 30 (²³⁸U) > 8.9 ± 15 (²²⁶Ra) > 4.8 ± 6.3 (²²⁸Ra) > 4.0 ± 4.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 3.2 ± 3.7 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.7 ± 1.2 (²¹²Pb) > 1.4 ± 1.8 (²²⁴Ra) > 1.1 ± 1.3 (²³⁵U) > 0.26 ± 0.39 (²²⁸Th) > 0.0023 ± 0.0009 (²³⁰Th) > 0.0013 ± 0.0006 (²³²Th). The mean estimated dose (μSv yr⁻¹) to an adult from the water intake was in this order: 2.8 ± 3.3 (²¹⁰Po) > 2.4 ± 3.2 (²²⁸Ra) > 2.1 ± 2.1 (²¹⁰Pb) > 1.8 ± 3.1 (²²⁶Ra) > 0.94 ± 1.30 (²³⁴U) > 0.70 ± 0.98 (²³⁸U) > 0.069 ± 0.087 (²²⁴Ra) > 0.036 ± 0.044 (²³⁵U) > 0.014 ± 0.021 (²²⁸Th) > 0.012 ± 0.005 (²¹²Pb) > 0.00035 ± 0.00029 (²³⁰Th) > 0.00022 ± 0.00009 (²³²Th). It is obvious that ²¹⁰Po, ²²⁸Ra, ²¹⁰Pb and ²²⁶Ra are the most important dose contributors in the drinking water intake. As far as the seventeen brands of analysed drinking water were concerned, the committed effective doses were in the range of 2.81–38.5 μSv yr⁻¹, all well below the reference level of the committed effective dose (100 μSv yr⁻¹) recommended by the WHO. These data throw some light on the scale of the radiological impact on the public from some naturally occurring radionuclides in drinking water, and can also serve as a comparison for the dose contribution from artificial radionuclides released to the environment as a result of human practices. Based on the radionuclide composition in the analysed waters, comment was made on the new screening level for gross α activity in guidelines for drinking-water quality recommended by the WHO, 2004.