东江流域跨省生态补偿模式构建

流域上下游之间的生态补偿已成为我国解决区域之间社会经济失衡、保护流域水资源安全问题的重要手段。选取珠江三角洲城市群重要饮用水源地——东江流域作为研究对象,在回顾分析以往生态补偿标准的基础上,创新性构建基于生态保护效益与水质水量耦合的生态补偿标准核算模型。以水源涵养功能作为补偿基数,以水量分摊系数和水质修正系数予以调整,对东江流域生态补偿标准进行核算。结合计算成果,探讨生态补偿机制的完善策略,对东江流域生态环境保护有着重要的现实意义。     

再生水回用行为引导政策作用效果仿真

再生水回用对于增加水资源供给、缓解水环境污染具有重要意义,然而公众对于再生水回用的排斥却制约着再生水回用的推广。针对这一问题,本研究将再生水回用行为引导政策作为研究对象。选取衡量个体与群体之间相互影响关系的关联型自我构建指标,作为不同个体交互规则的设计依据。在此基础上,通过构建Agent-based Model(ABM)模型对不同政策的作用效果进行仿真模拟。首先,在西北干旱地区开展问卷调查,并基于获取的一手数据,训练个体决策的人工神经网络模型。通过将该神经网络模型嵌入ABM模型,来实现仿真模拟过程中的个体自主决策。研究发现:(1)示范引导型政策对各类再生水回用行为均具有良好的作用效果。(2)环保动机激发型政策和知识普及型政策的作用效果,会分别随着再生水回用行为人体接触程度的提高而增强和减弱。对接触程度高的再生水回用行为,环保动机激发型政策能起到较强的影响效果。(3)知识普及型政策对于人体接触程度低的再生水回用行为影响效果较好,但对于接触程度高的再生水回用行为甚至出现负向影响。根据研究结论提出以下政策建议:在制定再生水回用推广政策时,应当注意区分不同再生水回用行为的类型,选择适当的引导政策。由于示范引导政策对于各类型再生水回用行为均有较好的引导效果,应加强再生水回用示范工程建设。对于高人体接触程度的再生水回用类别,应当注重对其环保属性的宣传,激发公众的环保动机。对于低人体接触程度的再生水回用类别,则应当注重通过加强相关知识的普及,来打消公众的疑虑。     

论水资源格局与可持续发展

以可持续发展理论为指导,分析了我国水资源自然格局及利用格局的现状与问题,提出了作为可持续发展重要支撑的水资源,其可持续利用的根本途径是建立可持续发展的水资源格局,即流域经济系统格局,并实现流域基础上的区域竞争与协作一体化     

基于跨区域水质水量指标的流域生态补偿量测算方法研究

生态补偿量测算方法研究是国内外流域生态补偿领域研究的重点课题之一。本研究提出的基于河流水质水量的跨行政区界的生态补偿量计算办法，将实行统一的流域和区域综合环境管理纳入到流域地区政府的责任范围内，即将流域水体行政区界河流水质和水量指标设定为生态补偿测算的综合指标值中。本研究首次尝试应用“综合污染指数法”进行流域生态补偿的水质评价，并提出依据水权和对全流域GDP的贡献度或比率的方法进行流域水流量的测算。同时，提出跨区域流域生态补偿量测算的原则、模式、流程及计算模型，并结合实例进行了理论上的测算，解决了流域生态补偿中利益主体责任不清的弊端和补偿执行不力的缺陷，并为流域生态补偿的有效实施提供了执行的方法和依据。     

基于RS-SVR模型的流域水资源脆弱性评价与预测研究——以黄河流域为例

水资源脆弱性是衡量水资源系统在气候变化以及人类活动影响下的流域承载能力的重要标准,流域水资源脆弱性评价与预测是评估流域水安全状况、辨识未来水资源系统存在的问题的重要手段。该文首先构建了黄河流域水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,利用粗糙集(Rough Set,缩写为RS)方法对原始指标体系进行降维去除冗余属性。然后,将降维后的评价指标标准值作为"评价样本",运用支持向量机回归(Support Vector Regression,缩写为SVR)模型对流域水资源脆弱性进行评价。最后,设定未来3种不同气候模式与社会经济情景,对黄河流域水资源脆弱性进行情景预测。结果表明:黄河流域过去16年间整体水资源脆弱性等级已从Ⅴ级提升到Ⅳ级水平,未来情景1、情景2下流域整体水资源脆弱性将会好转,但仍处于Ⅳ级中度脆弱水平。未来水质脆弱性与灾害脆弱性提升较为明显,水量脆弱性没有显著改善,在情景3下将恶化到Ⅴ级中高脆弱。因此未来采取积极的人工调控措施能使得水质与灾害方面获得明显的提升,而水量脆弱性则成为制约未来流域整体水资源脆弱性的瓶颈。     

基于模糊联盟合作博弈的流域水资源优化配置研究

水资源短缺是我国面临的十分重要的资源问题,随着人口的不断增长,对水资源的需求也逐渐增加。水资源短缺已成为经济发展和社会和谐的一个主要瓶颈,如何将一个流域有限的水资源合理地分配给流域内不同的行政区域、区域内不同的产业是水资源规划与管理领域学术研究的核心内容。流域是一个自然形成的空间范围,往往涉及多个不同的行政区域,流域水资源分配牵涉到流域内不同利益主体,公平有效地进行流域水资源配置以达到水资源的可持续利用已经成为流域经济发展和社会稳定的重要因素。本文采用流域水资源分配的二次配置模型,在流域水资源初次分配当中考虑公平,建立基于用水主体需求的水资源分配优化模型,使得各主体需水量和分配水量的离差平方和最小,并得到初始水资源分配结果;在流域水资源二次分配当中考虑效率,建立流域水资源二次分配的模糊联盟合作博弈模型以最大化流域整体收益,并将由合作带来的流域整体收益的增加部分采用模糊夏普利值的方法分配给参与模糊联盟的各个用水主体,同时流域水资源得到有效再分配。最后,将上述流域水资源二次分配模型运用到一个算例当中,验证了模型本身的有效性和适应性。模糊联盟合作博弈模型对于促进流域水资源规划与管理具有借鉴意义。     

可持续发展环境约束条件下的水资源最优配置及实证研究

在相关理论分析和Weber模型的基础上。拓展建立了面向水资源可持续发展的水资源最优配置模型。引入了基于政府管制的影响作用、沿河流域的水用户的实际消耗水量、实际排放水量、河流中可供使用水量及所排放污水水质水平等5个变量函数．通过政府管制下的水质和水量的河道内流量需求等环境约束条件．确保水资源利用始终满足最小基流水量。通过求量优解，计算得出在环境约束下达到最优配置时各个变量函数与对下游地区外部性之间的相关性。接着。本文对陕北黄土高原沿Y河的35家企业进行了实际调查．收集了2个年度共8个季度的观测值，应用计量经济Pand Data模型。对35个节点、8个季度的共280个数据作为混合样本进行经济计量分析。验证了相关结论。最后。还提出一些制定环境约束条件以及水用户间建立水资源环境生态补偿金机制等政策建议。     

流域初始水权分配研究进展

当前我国水资源存在短缺和使用效率低下等问题,其最核心的解决办法就是建立水权市场,而其中的关键在于界定初始水权。通过界定初始水权,在各流域行政区域之间合理地分配。简要介绍了流域初始水权分配的最新研究进展和动态,主要包括分配原则、分配指标体系、分配方法和分配机制等方面。对这些研究进行了评述并且指出了存在的问题。由于水资源分配的特殊性,涉及到水量、水质和其它一些因素,单纯的分配水权难以获得成功。在此基础上,探讨了流域初始水权分配的未来研究方向,即在考虑到了水权、排污权和林权等集成的基础上,综合考虑初始水权分配的原则、指标体系和机制等,并且在分配方法上由单一目标模型向多目标模型发展,不确定性和模糊优化模型是未来流域水资源分配模型的发展方向。     

基于双子系统协调耦合的流域初始水权配置模型

省区初始水权和流域级政府预留水量是流域初始水权的重要组成部分，研究省区初始水权配置子系统和政府预留水量配置子系统之间的耦合协调性是提高流域水资源利用效率的重要途径。面向最严格水资源管理制度要求，建立基于“三条红线”的耦合协调性判别准则，针对省区初始水权和流域级政府预留水量的配置方案，分别从水量、水质和用水效率视角判别两者之间的耦合协调性；针对未能通过耦合协调性判别的情形，提出调整两个子系统配置方案的方法，并重新进行判别，直至配置方案通过耦合协调性判别，从而获得流域初始水权配置推荐方案；最后，针对太湖流域进行实证研究。结果表明模型和算法具有可行性和有效性，可为其它流域开展同类研究提供借鉴     

一体化与多中心:黄河流域水管理模式初探

结合黄河漉域水质水量管理的现状．在分析国外流域水质水量管理方面的经验和发展趋势的基础上．提出了在黄河漉域实施水质水量一体化管理的框架建议，并对黄河广泛分布的灌区水管理提出了准多中心的制度安排建议。     

A quantitative water resource planning and management model for an industrial park level

This paper introduces an integrated water management model at the industrial park level. It suggests four approaches to water management: first, direct water reuse among users; second, water reuse among users by blending with freshwater; third, water reuse between users and a wastewater treatment plant; and fourth, groundwater recharge by reclaimed wastewater or other feasible applications in order to optimize the overall water efficiency. The model results in a comprehensive management methodology for optimizing water resources within an industrial park, seeking potential water reuse among industries, and incorporating the size and cost of reclaimed wastewater delivery systems. A case study is employed to test the model’s feasibility. An economic analysis of the optimized water use network is also carried out, showing the potential water and cost savings.     

Sustainable graywater reuse for residential landscape irrigation – a critical review

The demand for potable water is rising rapidly due to an ever-increasing population, economic activities, and dwindling water supplies. To provide adequate water supplies in the future, understanding the issues and challenges in the reuse of water and developing appropriate strategies for reuse will be critical. One way to augment water supplies for residential use is to reuse graywater – the wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundries. In this article, we critically review the evolution of water reuse, the definition of graywater, graywater reuse practices, volumes and flow in different situations, and graywater characteristics. We then examine the issues associated with different graywater treatment methods and how using graywater for irrigation around homes affects soil quality and plant growth. The study concludes that graywater treatment costs, human health risks, and its effect on soil quality are some of the challenges that need to be addressed in the future for widespread and sustainable reuse of graywater for irrigation around homes.     

Israeli Water Achievements Today and Enlightenment to China

Despite the endemic drought, arid climate and associated limited freshwater resources, as well as difficult geopolitical realities, Israel can provide a reliable supply of high quality water to a rapidly growing population. The achievements of water supply in Israel can be summarized as water technologies （like water transportation and purification, desalination, wastewater treatment, effluent reuse, storm water catchment, control systems, rain enhancement and drip irrigation, etc.）, water management and legislation as well as water industry. In view of the national concern regarding the quality and quantity of the water, the skills, technologies and know-how that Israel has accumulated in water supply and irrigation can give us enlightenment that is also presented in this paper.     

Fuzzy synthetic evaluation of treated wastewater reuse for agriculture

Reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture is in practice in many countries. TWW reuse requires wastewater collection, treatment and recycling, which is associated with cost as well as risk to human and ecological systems. In contrast, it can increase agricultural production and reduce environmental risks by reducing wastewater discharge into the natural environment. In Saudi Arabia, where available water resources are extremely limited, TWW reuse can save significant amount of non-renewable groundwater used in agricultural development, which is a strategic goal for the country. In this paper, a multicriteria decision-making approach was developed where cost, risk, benefits and social acceptance of TWW reuse were considered to be the main criteria. A multistage hierarchy risk management model was constructed for this evaluation. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique was incorporated where fuzzy triangular membership functions were developed to capture uncertainties of the basic criteria. The analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the relative importance of various criteria at different hierarchy levels. This study indicated that TWW reuse could have positive impact on agriculture, risk reduction and groundwater conservation.     

The closed-loop cycle for industrial wastewater: The future pollution solution

The paper discusses the trend in all the U.S. industries toward increased water recycling and reuse. Also presented are the water use demands by various industries, and the water use by functions. Data are given on industrial water quality in use for various functions among selected high water using industries. Presented is an over-all system designed for a closed-loop cycle for industrial wastewater. This will be practical for industry to implement by 1985 or soon thereafter if the required technology is properly developed. Research and development needs to achieve this closed-loop system are identified. Rather than a discussion of economics with typical costs based on amount of water treated or on the specific processes employed, the paper presents data on the total cost of removal of controlling factors from a hypothetical wastewater.Future demands and restrictions on industrial wastewater are stated and ten references are cited.     

Israeli Water Achievements Today and Enlightenment to China

Abstract

Despite the endemic drought, arid climate and associated limited freshwater resources, as well as difficult geopolitical realities, Israel can provide a reliable supply of high quality water to a rapidly growing population. The achievements of water supply in Israel can be summarized as water technologies (like water transportation and purification, desalination, wastewater treatment, effluent reuse, storm water catchment, control systems, rain enhancement and drip irrigation, etc.), water management and legislation as well as water industry. In view of the national concern regarding the quality and quantity of the water, the skills, technologies and know-how that Israel has accumulated in water supply and irrigation can give us enlightenment that is also presented in this paper.     

我国农业可持续发展的水问题及对策

随着我国人口增长和经济发展,水资源问题日益突出,农业用水问题成为农业可持续发展中的焦点问题.文章从探讨我国水资源与农业可持续发展的关系入手,分析了我国水资源严峻的现实及其存在的主要问题,并提出了解决我国农业可持续发展中水问题的对策建议;加强管理,建立系统的管理体制;依靠科技,提高水资源利用率;增加投入,打好水资源高效利用的基础;实施虚拟水贸易,缓解水资源短.     

滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理研究

随着滇池治理的进展,在今后一个时期内,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,成为滇池治理的首要目标和任务。围绕滇池流域水资源供求平衡,采用水资源全要素配置框架下的三次平衡分析理论,从整体上分析了滇池流域水资源供求平衡关系及存在的主要问题,提出了以需求为导向,建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理目标和措施。分析表明：在滇池治理的基础上,通过建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理体系,落实管理措施,从总量平衡的理论上能够充分发挥引水工程的作用,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,实现水量、水质供求的综合平衡。建议进一步开展量化分析和模拟实验研究,为在滇池流域实施综合平衡管理提供可靠依据和建议     

基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准模型研究

流域水资源是一种公共物品,其系统的整体性以及资源外部性等特征要求各相关区域应共同承担环境保护.如何衡量各区域水资源开发利用与环保投入的关系,建立合理的生态补偿标准模型,已成为流域管理研究领域普遍关注的问题.本文运用水足迹理论和方法,界定流域水足迹内涵,通过反映流域沿岸各区域水生态服务耗费情况判断分析水生态系统安全状态,提出流域生态补偿标准计量流程及不同情况下的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,从而客观、准确地量化流域生态补偿额度,为管理者正确分析和解决流域各区域间利益冲突提供科学的决策依据与支持.同时本文以碧流河为案例,收集并分析了2002-2006年间碧流河沿岸各行政区水足迹和环保投入情况,理清各区域生态系统状态及相互关系,计算补偿标准,进而验证模型的可行性.     

The Mixed Mechanism in the Management of Water Resources in China

1 INTRODUCTION As an irreplaceable resource for the subsistence and development of mankind, water is essential to sustainable economic and social development. As a resource-poor and the biggest developing country in the world, China is facing the challenge from water resources.2 THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF CHINA'S WATER RESOURCES In China, the problems of water resources involve four aspects: drought and water shortage, serious threats of flooding, water pollution, soil erosion an…