活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法优化

试验对比了不同离子交换树脂(CER)含量和pH条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果差异。结果表明,EPS各组分提取浓度均随离子交换树脂用量增加而增加,但各组分趋势不同。TOC的最佳树脂剂量为100 g CER/g VSS,而蛋白质、多糖和DNA的最佳树脂剂量约为70 g CER/g VSS。pH值对TOC、DNA和多糖的提取浓度影响较小,但对蛋白质影响比较大。各提取条件下,EPS各组分提取浓度随时间的变化过程可以分为平稳增长期、快速增长期及稳定期。     

国外企业环境责任研究综述

迄今,西方社会早已迈过严重污染阶段(如雾霾),环境责任承担(CER)几乎成为跨国企业的标准范式,全面回顾国外CER研究对深处环境危机中的中国来说具有很强的现实意义。本文回顾了国外学术界从商业伦理、利益相关者管理、战略管理、环境行为及环境绩效视角的CER研究,归纳总结了CER概念主张及维度测量。研究发现,制度环境、市场状况、产业现状、利益相关者等是促成企业CER行动的外部因素,而企业规模、发展战略、治理结构以及技术条件等是制约CER行动的内部因素,内外多种因素的整合作用决定企业CER行为。此外,研究还发现,CER可以提升资源利用效率、降低成本费用与提升技术能力等,还能够帮助企业获得良好声誉和改善品牌形象,在一定条件下也可帮助企业建构可持续竞争优势,甚至对企业的财务绩效产生积极影响。最后,本文展望了CER研究的全球本土化、创新性、实务性以及中小企业化等发展方向,并分析探讨了国外CER研究对中国本土研究和CER实务的启示。     

Transaction costs and the clean development mechanism

The emissions trading provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and its clean development mechanism (CDM) are designed to permit greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions at the lowest cost globally. However, to ensure climate integrity, these reductions must pass through vigilant approval, monitoring and evaluation procedures that create additional transaction costs unrelated to the physical process of eliminating GHGs. Moreover, the CDM's additionality criterion creates constraints that magnify the influence of these transaction costs on project viability. If these costs are extreme, they could undermine the success of the CDM, and possibly of the Kyoto Protocol itself. This article describes the trading provisions of the treaty, creates a working definition of transaction costs, and discusses their effects. It then analyzes the process of creating a CDM project to identify the sources of transaction costs, illustrated by an example of a fuel substitution project in Ghana. The conditions for project profitability are analyzed and compared with recent GHG emission credit prices in Europe. The specific Ghanaian results are not generalizable to all CDM projects, but the model does suggest a template that can be used to analyze the effects of project and transaction costs in other contexts.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法的研究

对两种不同来源的活性污泥中EPS的提取效率进行了研究,采用的提取方法有NaOH法,阳离子交换树脂法（CER法）,加热法和离心法。结果表明,CER法是两种污泥EPS提取中最有效的方法。经过16h的提取,EPS中DNA的含量分别为0．73％和1．61％,这表明EPS的提取没有受到胞内物质的污染。两种污泥EPS的提取量分别为74mg／gVSS和80mg／gVSS,其中多糖和蛋白质是EPS的主要成分。在研究中,CER法最佳提取时间为8h,高搅拌强度和CER投加量都有利于EPS提取量的增加。     

Review on industrial wastewater energy sources and carbon emission reduction: towards a clean production

This review provides an innovative approach of treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) from open pond and closed anaerobic sludge reactor for generation of green energy in the form of biogas containing methane. Improper techniques for the treatment and management of POME produce hazards to people and contribute to global warming. In all over the world, the total crude oil palm production in the countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Africa, Latin America, Asian countries, Solomons and other were around 51, 31, 7, 6, 3, 2 and 1% compared with soya 41.8% and coconut 3.48%, respectively. In the year 2014–15, Malaysia generated at least 87.8 million tonnes of palm effluent per year. Various studies reveal that about 80% of palm effluent is disposed off partially treated in open dumps. The generated certified emission reductions (CERs) estimated and favoured the treatment of POME in anaerobic reactor by replacing open lagoon of aerobic system for cleaner production. The clean development mechanism (CDM) encourages the utilisation of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors for POME treatment and methane capture to earn CER credits as a source of revenue.     

A Comparative Study on the Implementation of CDM Projects in India

Since the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol was initiated,China and India have overwhelmingly led other developing countries regarding CDM projects development.A comparative study of the CDM in India and China is conducted as there are many similarities between both India and China with regard to the CDM implementation due to the fact that India is another major developing country with a large population and a potential source of GHG emissions rivaling China in the near future.Through examining the development of and legal issues for CDM projects in India,its experience and lessons regarding developing and managing CDM projects that China can critically learn are discussed.     

Systematic analysis of corporate environmental responsibility: elements,structure, function,and principles

Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) is the subsystem of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which continues to increase prominence in the global economy. Nowadays, CER becomes more important in corporate sustainable development. Based on Carroll’s pyramid mode of CSR, this article explores the systematic feature of CER. From a systematic perspective, it sorts out its elements, structure, function, and principles of CER. And the four levels of economic, legal, ethical, and charitable structure are emphasized. With these considerations interpreted into practice, success will be achieved in potential cost savings, technological innovation, increased public acceptance, and better relations with governments.     

Fractions of permanence – Squaring the cycle of sink carbon accounting

As vegetation is an unstable dynamicsystem, emission credits generated bycarbon (C) sink projects under the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) KyotoProtocol suffer from an inherent permanencerisk. There are basically two approacheshow to balance greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions andC uptake in vegetation. The merit ofthe so-called `ton-year approach' is todestroy the fiction of infinity whentalking about permanent sequestration. Themerit of the temporary credits is todestroy the fiction of comparabilitybetween technological emission reductionand sequestration in natural systems. Thispresent article discusses the pros and consof both approaches, which have beenbrought forward as more or less unrelatedalternatives. By making use of bothmethodologies and providing a link betweenboth proposals on permanence in CDMforestry, the article puts forward theproposal of leasing reduction certificates.     

镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属污染的来源分析

道路沉积物是一重要环境介质,其颗粒物积累的潜在毒性对于城市水体是一重要危害,因此,识别道路沉积物重金属的含量及来源就显得尤其重要.分析了采集于镇江市商业区、河滨公园、居民区和交通繁忙区的62个样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni 5种重金属,它们在交通繁荣区含量最大,Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni含量在商业区、河滨公园和居民区并无明显差异.通过主成分分析识别道路沉积物中重金属的来源,发现不同功能区的重金属来源有所差别,各功能区中第一主成分(贡献率70％以上)代表来自交通活动产生的污染源,或者是与工业污染源共同产生的混合污染源;第二主成分代表来自工业污染源或者是生活污染源,并且道路沉积物中重金属与有机质显著相关,最后计算了重金属浓度富集率(CER),以评价人类活动对于重金属污染的影响程度.结果表明,有机质是镇江城市道路沉积物中重金属的重要载体, 人类活动对于该地区重金属污染影响达到中等或中等以上的程度.