2014—2016年海口市空气质量概况及预报效果检验

本文主要基于CUACE模式在海口市的预报产品,结合2014年3月—2017年2月海口市AQI、PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的实况资料进行预报效果检验.结果表明,①近3年海口市空气质量等级主要以优和良为主,但仍有少部分天数以PM₁₀、PM_2.5和O₃为首要污染物,分别占所有首要污染物天数的27.6%、29.5%和42.9%,其中O₃上升幅度较快.②CUACE模式能较好的模拟出AQI和3类污染物浓度的变化特征,其中PM_2.5的预报值与实测值最为接近,而PM₁₀和O₃普遍偏低.③日平均浓度的预报效果检验表明,PM_2.5的标准误差（RMSE）最小,AQI和PM₁₀次之,O₃最大.3个时次预报平均偏差（MB）和归一化偏差（MNB）均为负值,表明CUACE模式预报的污染要素浓度均偏低于实测值.④海口市空气质量为优等级时,TS评分最高;无首要污染物时,首要污染物预报的TS评分最高,但首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀或O₃时,TS评分均偏低.     

Modeling study on the roles of the deposition and transport of PM2.5 in air quality changes over central-eastern China

The role of PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm) deposition in air quality changes over China remains unclear. By using the three-year (2013, 2015, and 2017) simulation results of the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model from a previous work (Zhang et al., 2021), a non-linear relationship between the deposition of PM_2.5 and anthropogenic emissions over central-eastern China in cold seasons as well as in different life stages of haze events was unraveled. PM_2.5 deposition is spatially distributed differently from PM_2.5 concentrations and anthropogenic emissions over China. The North China Plain (NCP) is typically characterized by higher anthropogenic emissions compared to southern China, such as the middle-low reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR), which includes parts of the Yangtze River Delta and the Midwest. However, PM_2.5 deposition in the NCP is significantly lower than that in the MLYR region, suggesting that in addition to meteorology and emissions, lower deposition is another important factor in the increase in haze levels. Regional transport of pollution in central-eastern China acts as a moderator of pollution levels in different regions, for example by bringing pollution from the NCP to the MLYR region in cold seasons. It was found that in typical haze events the deposition flux of PM_2.5 during the removal stages is substantially higher than that in accumulation stages, with most of the PM_2.5 being transported southward and deposited to the MLYR and Sichuan Basin region, corresponding to a latitude range of about 24°N-31°N.     

基于自适应偏最小二乘回归法的CUACE模式污染物预报偏差订正改进方法研究

针对GRAPES-CUACE模式预报的6种常规污染物浓度,采用非线性动力统计-订正方法——自适应偏最小二乘回归法,建立了中国不同地区的CUACE模式预报偏差订正模型,采用多种敏感性试验优选了不同季节各区域的最优自变量组合方案,并对2016年1—3月、11—12月全国342个城市PM_(2.5)浓度预报值进行了滚动订正检验,分析了订正前后PM_(2.5)浓度的时空变化特征,重点分析了该方法在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、川渝地区等关键区域的适用性及其改进效果.结果表明:(1)CUACE模式预报PM_(2.5)浓度普遍低于观测浓度,且与实测值的相关系数较低;CUACE 15 km分辨率模式PM_(2.5)浓度预报效果优于54 km分辨率模式,其中长三角地区改进最显著,珠三角和京津冀次之,川渝地区预报效果较差.(2)订正后的PM_(2.5)浓度更接近于实测值,订正后误差明显减小,相关系数明显提高,而且订正值与实测值的散点集中分布于对角线附近.(3)长三角地区PM_(2.5)浓度订正效果最好,准确率可达72.3%;珠三角地区次之,准确率为66.3%;京津冀和川渝地区订正效果稍差,但准确率亦可达63.6%和62.6%.(4)订正后污染日和非污染日的准确率、相关系数分别提高了57.5%和25.9%、304.8%和15.2%;绝对平均偏差、均方根误差分别减小了38.9%和18.7%、21.8%和8.5%.(5)针对北京、上海、广州、乐山的不同重污染过程,订正后的平均绝对误差分别减小了12.07%、46.63%、36.66%、17.71%,相关系数分别提升了25.86%、22.22%、16.92%、162.5%,说明该订正方法适用于不同地区的不同重污染过程的预报.