Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

高锰酸钾预氧化对剑水蚤DBPsFP的去除特征研究

以剑水蚤为试验对象,研究在不同条件下,高锰酸钾预氧化对剑水蚤代谢产物在氯化消毒过程中消毒副产物前体物的去除特征.研究表明:随高锰酸钾投加量的增加,水合氯醛(CH)、1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、三氯甲烷(TCM)总体呈上升趋势,二氯乙酸(DCAA)逐渐减少,而三氯硝基甲(TCNM)、1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、二氯乙腈(DCAN)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)先上升后下降,在本试验高锰酸钾投量范围内,高锰酸钾浓度为5mg/L时 CH、TCNM、DCAN、TCAN、DCAA、TCAA和1,1-DCP的去除效果最佳,去除率最高可达72.2%;延长预氧化时间,DCAN、DCAA、TCAA浓度逐渐降低,TCM、CH浓度逐渐升高,TCNM、TCAN、1,1,1-TCP浓度先升高后降低,而1,1-DCP浓度先迅速下降后逐渐升高,预氧化时间宜控制在20min;pH<7可有效抑制TCM的生成.pH=7时TCAA达到最小值,而1,1-DCP含量最高,pH>7有助于1,1-DCP的减少,CH、DCAA、DCAN、TCAN、TCNM和1,1,1-TCP随pH的增加而减少.在pH=9时生成量均最小, 最高去除率为80%;最佳温度为30℃,随着温度的升高,DCAA、TCAA和TCM浓度有所增加,1,1-DCP、DCAN和1,1,1-TCP生成量减少,在20℃时,CH的浓度最小,而TCAN的浓度最大.     

O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O₃氧化、H₂O₂氧化和O₃/H₂O₂高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究.发现3种方法中,O₃/H₂O₂联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为O31.0mg/L、H₂O₂4mg/L时,接触30min达到100%的灭蚤率;单独O₃氧化效果也较好,投加1.0mg/L的灭蚤率为80%;H₂O₂氧化效果不理想,投加4mg/L几乎无灭蚤效果.进而考察确定了O₃/H₂O₂灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为:先加O₃后加H₂O₂,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H₂O₂投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O₃/H₂O₂系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响.试验中发现H₂O₂投量在4～10mg/L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小.最后对O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察.结果表明,O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果.     

Full-scale study of removal effect on Cyclops of zooplankton with chlorine dioxide

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this paper, a full-scale study of chlorine dioxide preoxidation cooperating with routine clarification process for Cyclops removal was conducted in a waterworks. The experimental results were compared with that of the existing prechlorination process in several aspects: including the Cyclops removal efficiencies of water samples taken from the outlets of sedimentation tank and sand filter and the security of drinking water and so on. The results showed that chlorine dioxide might be more effective to inactivate Cyclops than chlorine and Cyclops could be thoroughly removed from water by pre-dosing chlorine dioxide process. The GC-MS examination and Ames test further showed that the sort and amount of organic substance in the treated water by chlorine dioxide preoxidation were evidently less than that of prechlorination and the mutagenicity of drinking water treated by pre-dosing chlorine dioxide was substantially reduced compared with prechlorination.     

Interrelations of Epibiontic Microalgae and Crustacean Zooplankton under Conditions of a Blooming Eutrophic Water Body

The possibility of symbiotic, mutualistic (++) interrelations between epibiontic microalgae (Characidiopsis ellipsoidea, Colacium vesiculosum) and cyclopoids (Cyclops vicinus, Mesocyclops leukarti) in the Bugach recreational reservoir with a bloom of cyanobacteria is demonstrated. Overgrown cyclopoids, compared to those free from microalgae, have advantages in oxygen supply, which may be insufficient in the period of intensive algal bloom. Calculations have shown that oxygen requirements of cyclopoids may be fully satisfied due to C. vesiculosum photosynthetic activity in the dysphotic zone if the density of overgrowth exceeds 1000 algal cells per individual. There is no significant correlation between the natural mortality of crustaceans and the indices of their overgrowth by microalgae.     

O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O2氧化、H2O2氧化和O3／H2O2高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究．发现3种方法中,O3／H2O2联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为031．0mg／L、H2O24mg／L时,接触30min达到100％的灭蚤率;单独O3氧化效果也较好,投加1．0mg／L的灭蚤率为80％;H2O2氧化效果不理想,投加4mg／L几乎无灭蚤效果。进而考察确定了03／H2O2灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为：先加O3后加H2O2,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H2O2投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O3／H2O2系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响。试验中发现H2O2投量在4～10mg／L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小。最后对O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察。结果表明,O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果。     

Influencing factors of disinfection byproducts formation during chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions

Effects of reaction time, chlorine dosage, pH and temperature on the formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs), were investigated during the chloramination of Cyclops metabolite solutions. The results showed that some species of DBPs like trichloromethane(TCM), dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA) could accumulate to their respective stable values with a progressive elevation in reaction time and monochloramine concentration. And 1,1,1-2-trichloropropanone(1,1,1-TCP) content decreased correspondingly with a continuous increase of reaction time. The amounts of chloral hydrate(CH), chloropicrin(TCNM), 1,1,1-TCP and DCAA firstly increased and then decreased with increasing monochloramine doses. Higher temperature resulted in a decrease of CH, dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN), 1,1-dichloropropanone(1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-TCP, DCAA and TCAA concentration. pH affected the formation of the different DBPs distinctly. TCM accumulateded with the increase of pH under 9, and DCAA, TCAA, CH and 1,1-DCP decreased continuously with increasing pH from 5 to 10, and other DBPs had the maximum concentrations at pH 6–7.     

预氧化与水处理工艺协同去除剑水蚤

利用不同水处理工艺中试系统,研究在液氯、氯胺、高锰酸盐复合药剂和O_3这4种预氧化剂不同投量下,去除剑水蚤的方法以及4种预氧化药剂对原水中剑水蚤的实际灭活效果,并分析各工艺单元的除蚤机制.结果表明,预氧化阶段,液氯灭活率(25%)比氯胺(21%)、O_3(9%)和高锰酸盐复合药剂(8%)都高;但滤后去除率发生变化,由高至低为氯胺(90%)>液氯(88%)>O_3(83%)>高锰酸盐复合药剂(80%),采用氯胺与水处理工艺协同可达到100%去除效果.最高的预氧化灭活率并没有取得100%的去除效果,剑水蚤的去除取决于预氧化剂与澄清水处理工艺的合理配合,剑水蚤个体尺寸和预氧化后的生命活性也对去除效果有影响.其中过滤单元除蚤效率最高,单独去除率不低于50%;气浮池的除蚤性能受水蚤个体大小和活性影响.