Level,pattern, and risk assessment of the selected soil trace metals in the calcareous-cultivated Vertisols

Dynamics and distribution pattern of trace metals in agricultural lands are an increasing concern due to potential risks to the environment and human health. To ascertain more knowledge of this aspect, the fractions of total and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd belonging to Vertisols under intensive cultivation and adjoining uncultivated soils were investigated. The order of abundance of metals in both cultivated and uncultivated soils was Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cd and Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cd for both available and total fraction, respectively. A relative enrichment was observed in the value of diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid-extractable Fe (1.2–201%), Mn (2–31%), Cu (1–40%), and Cd (21–45%) as well as total fraction of Zn (3–17%), Cu (12–32%), and Cd (42–108%) after intensive cropping, which can be contributed to repeated application of agrochemical inputs and manure over long time. The values of RI (potential ecological risk) showed that cultivation caused a low potential ecological risk (33.3% of the soil samples) to moderate potential ecological risk (66.7% of the soil samples) in the study region and that cadmium made up 88%, on average, of the RI value.     

硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和镉吸收的影响

蔬菜的安全生产是切断镉通过食物链进入人体的关键环节.为研究硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和吸收镉的影响,在实际镉污染蔬菜地设计4种不同处理(T1:0.5%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T2:0.5%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥、T3:1.0%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T4:1.0%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥)及空白对照(CK),并分析不同条件下土壤pH、DTPA有效态镉、葱生物量和葱内镉含量随时间的变化.结果表明,4种处理均能提高土壤pH,降低土壤DTPA有效态镉含量,其中T3效果最明显,14、28、42和56 d时土壤DTPA有效态镉含量相对CK降幅分别为60.71%、49.54%、44.63%和58.94%;复配处理提高了葱地上部分生物量,其中T3和T4促进作用更显著,56 d时生物量增幅分别为107.19%和107.99%.不同处理对葱吸收镉的影响不同,56 d时,T4葱地上部分镉含量相对CK减少43.80%,有效减少植物对镉的累积,同时提高葱地上部分生物量,T4处理是较好的复配改良剂配比.     

热解温度对污泥生物炭的表面特性及重金属安全性的影响

以一套中试干燥热解一体化处理设备,采用热解工艺,在300~600℃范围内对污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥进行了批处理,得到了系列污泥生物炭产品,并对其表面电荷、FT-IR图谱等进行了测试,对污泥及生物炭的重金属总量和DTPA可提取态进行了比较分析。研究表明,热解温度会影响生物炭表面电荷分布,而且在400℃时表面电荷分布最均匀。经热解反应后,污泥中的重金属总量虽然得到了一定程度的富集,但Pb,Zn,Cu,Fe和Mn 5种重金属的DTPA-可提取态的含量大幅度降低,因此,污泥生物炭中的重金属被惰性化,降低了环境风险。     

Metal availability and uptake by sorghum plants grown in soils amended with sludge from different treatments

Several factors depending on the sludge, the soil, or the combination of both substrates, may affect element availability to plants. In this study, an assessment was done of the effect of two sludges obtained by different processes (activated sludge and facultative stabilization pond) on heavy-metal availability and uptake by sorghum plants in soils with high and low copper contents. Results obtained for DTPA-extractable metal indicated higher metal availability in sludge-amended soils. In addition, sludges caused changes in copper and zinc distribution in soil, indicating in most cases a discrete increase in the more labile metal forms. However, observed changes did not increase heavy metal concentration in plant leaves, indicating that assessment of metal availability by a chemical procedure (single extraction or metal fractionation) would not permit a good prediction of metal bioavailability. On the other hand, sludge application at a rate of 100 t ha⁻¹ to high-copper agricultural soils would not imply greater mobility of this metal on account of a greater sorbing capacity provided by the sludges. Such results would indicate that sludges from wastewater treatment plants, meeting the standards of heavy metal contents, regardless of the process by which they were obtained, may be applied to several kinds of soil, even to high-copper soils, with no risk of increasing heavy metal bioavailability to phytotoxic levels in the short range.     

The potential ecological risk of soil trace metals following over five decades of agronomical practices in a semi-arid environment

The concentration and potential ecological risk of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface soils (0–30?cm) belonging to 12 soil profiles and 4 soil types (Vertisols, Chernozems, Calcisols, and Cambisols) from the cultivated soils and the corresponding uncultivated soils were investigated. Long-term cultivation caused a considerable build-up diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Mn (7–55%), and Cd (12–31%) as well as the total form of Zn (3–14%), Cu (8–25%), and Cd (33–78%) in all soil types. Following long-time cropping, total Zn (mean?=?73?mg?kg^?1), Cu (mean?=?33?mg?kg^?1), and Cd (mean?=?3.14?mg?kg^?1) and DTPA Zn (mean?=?1.2?mg?kg^?1) and Cu (mean?=?2.44?mg?kg^?1) were below their maximum allowable limits. However, the average amount of DTPA Cd in the tilled soils (min?=?0.4, max?=?0.75, mean?=?0.55?mg?kg^?1) was above its maximum permissible limit mainly due to the over application of phosphate fertilisers and the pesticides. Considering the potential ecological risk (RI) assessment of the cultivated soils (min?=?44, max?=?70, mean?=?54), the soil types were categorised as low (RI?≤?50) to moderate (50?相似文献   

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance both absorption and stabilization of Cd by Alfred stonecrop (Sedum alfredii Hance) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in a Cd-contaminated acidic soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to compare the phytoextraction efficiencies of Cd by hyper-accumulating Alfred stonecrop (Sedum alfredii Hance) and fast-growing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from a Cd-contaminated (1.6 mg kg⁻¹) acidic soil, and their responses to the inoculations of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal strains, Glomus caledonium 90036 (Gc) and Glomus mosseae M47V (Gm). Ryegrass and stonecrop were harvested after growing for 9 and 27 wk, respectively. Without AM fungal inoculation, the weekly Cd extraction by stonecrop (8.0 μg pot⁻¹) was 4.3 times higher than that by ryegrass (1.5 μg pot⁻¹). Both Gc and Gm significantly increased (P < 0.05) root mycorrhizal colonization rates, soil acid phosphatase activities, and available P concentrations, and thereby plant P absorptions (except for Gm-inoculated ryegrass), shoot biomasses, and Cd absorptions (except for Gm-inoculated stonecrop), while only Gc-inoculated stonecrop significantly accelerated (P < 0.05) the phytoextraction efficiency of Cd by 78%. In addition, both Gc and Gm significantly decreased (P < 0.05) phytoavailable Cd concentrations by 21–38% via elevating soil pH. The results suggested the potential application of hyper-accumulating Alfred stonecrop associated with AM fungi (notably Gc) for both extraction and stabilization of Cd in the in situ treatment of Cd-contaminated acidic soil.