稀土镧(La)及La(POA)_3对镉污染绿豆幼苗生理影响

以水培的方式研究了稀土元素镧及其配合物La(POA)3(HPOA=苯氧乙酸)对绿豆幼苗的生理生态影响。结果表明,单一镉(10mg/L)胁迫时,NR、CAT及POD活性下降,而MDA、Pro含量上升;较低浓度(5～30mg/L)的镧及其配合物能明显地促进绿豆幼苗生长,并且可以缓解镉对绿豆幼苗的胁迫作用,经镧及其配合物作用后,上述生理指标皆比单一镉胁迫时有明显的改善,而高浓度(100mg/L)的镧及其配合物对镉污染的缓解作用都减弱;另外,较低浓度(10、15、30mg/L)的La(POA)3对镉胁迫的缓解作用较镧更明显;随着作用时间的延长,镧及其配合物对绿豆幼苗镉污染的缓解作用均逐渐下降。     

上海城区二次气溶胶的形成:光化学氧化与液相反应对二次气溶胶形成的影响

二次组分是大气细颗粒物中最重要的组成部分之一.本研究旨在探究上海城区大气气溶胶颗粒物中二次组分的贡献及其形成的主要影响因素.利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)对上海城区春季及夏季的亚微米颗粒物(PM_1)进行实时的在线表征,发现有机物是PM_1中最主要的组成部分,占比为55%;其次是硫酸盐(24%)与硝酸盐(10%).进一步结合正交矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)对有机组分进行了来源解析.结果表明,一次有机气溶胶(POA)与二次有机气溶胶(SOA)分别占总有机物浓度的34%与66%; POA主要来自机动车源与餐饮源的贡献,且在春季和夏季对有机物的贡献趋于稳定.观测期间共观察到3个二次气溶胶显著生成的过程:其中,春季二次组分的显著增长过程以硫酸盐和老化的有机气溶胶在正午时段上升显著为主要特征,主要受光化学氧化过程的促进;夏季二次组分的显著生成过程主要是液相反应与光化学氧化共同促进的结果,如液相反应过程中,硝酸盐浓度与颗粒相水含量有较好的相关性(R~2=0. 72),而光化学氧化期间SOA浓度与大气氧化性(O_x)有较好的相关性.总体而言,二次组分是上海城市大气气溶胶颗粒物中最重要的组成部分,二次有机与无机组分在PM_1颗粒物中占比分别为35. 5%和43%,光化学氧化与液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

Development of controlled release formulations of thiram employing amphiphilic polymers and their bioefficacy evaluation in seed quality enhancement studies

Controlled release formulations of Thiram (Dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl-N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate), a contact fungicide, have been prepared using laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based functionalized amphiphilic copolymers. The kinetics of thiram from developed controlled release (CR) formulations were studied in comparison with that of the commercially available 75 WS. Release from the commercial formulation was faster than with the developed CR formulations. Maximum amount of thiram was released on 35th day for PEG-2000 4d, 28th day for PEG-1500 4c, 21st day for PEG-1000 4b and 15th day for PEG-600 4a in comparison to commercial formulation (7th day). The diffusion exponent (n) of thiram in water ranged from 0.356 to 0.545 in the tested formulations. The half-release (t_1/2) values ranged between 14.78 to 22.1 days, and the Period of Optimum Availability (POA) of thiram ranged from 7.79 to 25.15 days. An effort has also been made to identify the suitable polymers that could reduce the seed deterioration during storage and also act as an effective carrier of fungicide thiram. The results demonstrate that the seeds coated with the different formulations deteriorated at a slower pace as manifested in high germination percentage over control. Apart from the fungicidal effect of thiram, the polymers acted as barriers to moisture reducing the rate of seed deterioration and checked the degradation of thiram. The CR formulation 4d, with PEG 2000, was found to be most effective as seed coat.