絮凝基因的克隆及其絮凝机理分析

分离到1株具有强絮凝特性的芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp. F2,絮凝率达84%,并构建絮凝基因组文库.以絮凝菌F2为实验材料,提取基因组总DNA,经限制性内切酶Sau3AI部分酶切后,与用限制性内切酶BamHI完全酶切的载体PUC19DNA连接,并转化到感受态细胞JM109中.然后将其涂布于含氨苄青霉素的LB培养基上,过夜培养后,经蓝白斑筛选,构建了絮凝基因组文库,该文库包含3.5×10⁴个重组子,经测定文库滴度为3.5×10⁵　pfu/mL.从文库中筛选而获得1株表达絮凝活性的大肠杆菌阳性克隆子FC2.序列分析得出该克隆序列为新的絮凝基因.絮凝试验测定FC2的絮凝率为90%,稍高于原絮凝菌F2,高于受体菌JM109(6.9%).红外光谱分析证明FC2的絮凝有效成分与F2一致,说明FC2絮凝性状遗传于原絮凝菌F2.采用轻敲模式下的原子力显微镜成像技术、Zeta(ξ)电位测定对加入絮凝剂FC2与加入絮凝剂F2、不加入絮凝剂的絮凝微观形貌进行了测定.原子力显微成像显示,加入克隆菌FC2发酵液的高岭土悬浮液(5‰的高岭土水溶液)形成的絮凝体出现较大而且紧密的球形颗粒结构,且表面积粗糙,凹凸程度大,具有大的比表面积和吸附液体悬浮颗粒的能力.向高岭土悬浮液中加入克隆菌FC2发酵液后,絮凝颗粒由不定形且松散的结构转变为密集分布、水平尺寸均匀的球形结构,表明克隆菌FC2发酵液中的凝集素容易以高岭土悬浮颗粒为中心吸附在其表面,而且絮凝试验中絮凝率达90%,从更直观上进一步证实了克隆菌FC2发酵液的除污染效能.Zeta(ξ)电位测定结果表明,离子键作用强度不同,致使絮凝形态存在着差异,为研究生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理提供了有力的依据.     

含锌离子模拟废水沉淀研究及污泥表征

采用氢氧化钙、碳酸钠和硫化钠处理含锌废水,在溶液pH、锌离子浓度、颗粒粒径、颗粒Zeta电位、上清液浊度和污泥体积等指标测定的基础上,结合沉淀产物表征,探讨了沉淀剂用量对锌离子去除率的影响及沉淀机理。研究结果表明,n(Ca(OH)2∶n(Zn)=1.5,去除率达到最大值99.65%,n(Na2CO3)∶n(Zn)=1.5,去除率达到最大值99.89%,n(Na2S)∶n(Zn)=2.5,去除率达到最大值99.95%。X-射线衍射和热重分析表明,氢氧化钙与废水生成的沉淀物为碳酸钙和氧化锌,碳酸钠与废水生成的沉淀物为氧化锌和碱式碳酸锌,硫化钠与废水生成的沉淀物为硫化锌,这对污泥处理处置以及回收利用有指导意义。     

Role of magnetite and humic acid in radionuclide migration in the environment

Sorption of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce by magnetite has been studied at varying pH (4 to 11) in the presence and absence of humic acid. The sorption studies have also been carried out at varying ionic strength (0.01 to 0.2 M NaClO₄) and humic acid concentration (2 to 20 mg/L). Percentage sorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr was found to be pH dependent, with the sorption increasing with increasing pH of the suspension. At any pH, the percentage sorption of ⁹⁰Sr was higher than that of ¹³⁷Cs. The results have been explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged metal ions and the surface charge of the magnetite which becomes increasingly negative with increasing pH. On the other hand, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce were found to be strongly sorbed by the magnetite at all pH values, with the sorption being independent of pH. The strong sorption of trivalent and tetravalent metal ions suggests the role of complexation reactions during sorption, apart from the electrostatic interactions. However, in the case of ¹⁴¹Ce surface precipitation of Ce(III) formed by reduction of Ce(IV) in the presence of magnetite cannot be ruled out. Presence of humic acid (2 mg/L) was found to have negligible effect on sorption of all metal ions.