A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called 'Yin-Yang Hai' for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

天然气钻井井口安全距离研究分析

分析天然气钻井井场可能发生的事故类型及事故的破坏程度,选择适合的事故后果模型,对天然气井井喷失控后可能发生的蒸气云爆炸及硫化氢扩散的后果进行量化分析,根据超压-冲量准则、热剂量准则和硫化氢扩散行为规律,计算出爆炸波、爆炸火球及硫化氢扩散的危害范围.笔者建立了天然气钻井井口安全距离的计算模型,并提出一种确定安全距离的方法.通过计算给出不同无阻流量、不同硫化氢体积含量的20种条件下的天然气钻井井口安全距离,并应用该模型对某含硫气井井口安全距离进行了计算.实例表明,该方法具备实用性,值得在天然气井选址规划中推广和使用.     

酸碱复合改性海泡石亚结构特征及其对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能

为强化海泡石(Sep)对溶液中Cd²⁺的吸附性能,采用酸碱复合改性处理获得改性海泡石(ABsep),借助氮气吸脱附等温线、SEM-EDS、TEM、FTIR和XRD等技术分析了改性前后海泡石的结构特征,采用静态吸附实验研究了时间、ABsep/Cd²⁺质量比、温度、吸附剂用量、pH及共存离子等因素对ABsep吸附Cd²⁺的影响.结果表明,ABsep孔隙结构发达,比表面积、平均孔径和孔容分别较改性前增加66.1%、15.7%和34.8%,可交换性离子含量有所增加,主要成分为SiO₂和Mg(OH)₂.改性前后海泡石对Cd²⁺吸附过程能较好地以准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型进行拟合,且均为自发吸热反应,以化学吸附为主并伴有物理性吸附;最佳ABsep/Cd²⁺质量比为3:1;298 K时Sips拟合ABsep对Cd²⁺最大饱和吸附量为142.43 mg·g^-1,为改性前海泡石的3.55倍;随着吸...     

挥发性有机硫化合物释放的研究与展望

在介绍硫的生物地球化学循环的基础上,概述了几种挥发性有机硫气体ＤＭＳ,ＣＯＳ,ＭＳＨ,ＣＳ２和ＤＭＤＳ从各种自然源（主要是生物源）释放的情况,着重阐述了陆地生态系统中各种生物硫源的释放情况,列举了测定这些释放的硫通量的方法,并且对有机硫气体的大气行为及环境影响也作了论述。     

紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS检测强酸性废水中的重金属

强酸性废水组份复杂,且常规方法难以快速准确地检测其中的重金属,为此建立了基于样品固化预处理和激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)快速准确检测强酸性废水中重金属的方法。结果表明：在紫外光照条件下,固化剂丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸受光引发剂(2-羟基-4′-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)作用聚合形成相互交联的长链聚合物网络结构,可在广泛的酸度下实现对强酸性废水的快速凝胶固化;同时凝胶表面覆上纳米银颗粒能增强激光对样品表面的烧蚀强度,增强了LIBS光谱强度;LIBS激发的Cu(I) 324.75 nm、Ni(I) 218.64 nm 和Zn(II) 206.12 nm光谱强度与无纳米银颗粒相比得到了显著提高。在优化的固化条件和LIBS系统参数下,紫外光照凝胶固化纳米颗粒增强LIBS对强酸性废水中Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺和Zn²⁺ 重金属的检出限分别为1.489、1.512和 4.886 mg∙L⁻¹。对实际强酸性废水中Cu²⁺、Ni ²⁺和Zn²⁺ 的加标回收测定结果表明,该方法对强酸性废水中重金属分析具有良好的准确性和稳定性。紫外光照凝胶固化-纳米颗粒增强LIBS方法可实现强酸性废水中重金属的快速和精准检测,为强酸性废水中重金属的检测提供新的技术支持。     

Formation of dioxins from combustion of polyvinylidene chloride in a well-controlled incinerator

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC; polymer of 1,1-dichloroethylene) was combusted with paper in a well-controlled, small-scale incinerator at an average grate temperature of 700 °C, and then dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gases were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PVDC lowered the combustion temperature due to its less flammable character. The amount of total dioxins (PCDDs + PCDFs + coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gas was 58.0 ng/g of a combustion sample and its toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) value was 0.64 ng-TEQ/g. The amount of PCDDs formed in the sample ranged from 2.33 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer) to 0.048 ng/g (Cl₁-isomer). The lower the number of chloride, the less production of PCDDs. On the other hand, there was no relation between the number of chloride and PCDF formation. The amount of PCDFs formed in the sample ranged from 8.02 ng/g (Cl₂-isomer) to 4.46 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer). A polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample produced 207 ng/g of total dioxins and a PVDC sample produced 57.4 ng/g of total dioxins when they were combusted under the same conditions. An approximately equal composition of dioxin isomers was formed from PVDC and PVC samples. Paper was found to contribute to PCDF formation when it was combusted with plastics.     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.     

北京城市大气CO2浓度变化特征及影响因素

北京大气CO₂浓度日变化强烈,全年北京时间15:00时前后为全天最低值,最高值则出现在夜间,日变化幅度为23.2～39.0μmol·mol^-1,夏季和秋季日变化幅度比冬季和春季大.北京城区大气CO₂浓度季节变化明显,最大值出现在冬季,月平均浓度为421.5～441.0μmol·mol^-1;最小值则在夏季,月平均浓度367.4～371.6μmol·mol北京CO₂浓度的季节变化幅度明显高于附近的华北兴隆区域站和瓦里关山大陆本底站等的相应值,其原因是北京CO2浓度季节变化主要受人为取暖活动控制,同时植被的季节变化也起一定作用.1993～1995年北京大气CO₂浓度上升较快,平均增长率为3.7%·a^-1,1995年平均浓度达到最高,为409.7±25.9μmol·mol,随后缓慢下降.     

云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。