苯酚对活性污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响

为了探究苯酚对污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响,以SBR工艺的活性污泥为研究对象,分析苯酚对污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性和微型动物群落结构及其动态变化的影响.结果表明,污泥TTC-ETS活性较之INT-ETS活性能够更有效表征有机毒害物质苯酚对污泥活性的影响,且随着进水苯酚浓度的增大,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制越明显:进水浓度在50mg·L-1时,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率为(20.75±10.43)%.进水苯酚浓度为100 mg·L-1时,抑制率为(39.73±26.92)%,且波动较大.在300 mg·L-1进水运行后期,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率稳定在40%左右;苯酚对活性污泥微型动物群落结构的影响随浓度的增大而增大,且对不同微型动物类群影响不同:在低浓度苯酚进水条件下,只有单个微型动物类群(有壳变形虫)受到明显的抑制,而当浓度增大至100 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1时,对多个微型动物类群(固着型纤毛虫、有壳变形虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等)产生抑制,对少数类群(鞭毛虫、线虫等)产生促进作用;苯酚影响下的污泥活性与微型动物之间存在一定的关联性,针棘匣壳虫(Centropyxis aculeata)、多变斜板虫(Plagiocampa mutabilis)等可作为含酚废水处理过程中污泥活性低的指示生物,湖累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)、软波豆虫(Bodo lens)、跳侧滴虫(Pleuromonas jaculans)等可作为污泥活性高的指示生物.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Gastropod, Cetithium Scabridum L., from the Kuwait Coast

An in-depth study on various locations along the Kuwait Coastdifferentiated by the nature of coastal topography, humanhabitation and industrialization was made during the year1995–1997 in relation to the gills of the gastropod, Cerithium scabridum, a bio-indicator of heavy metal pollution.The maximum concentration of heavy metals in the gills of C. scabridum, seawater and particulate matter was observed inStations III when compared to the metal concentrations in theother seven stations. Co-efficient Variance (CV) revealed anincrease in the accumulation of Cu and Pb in gills, seawater andparticulate matter in winter than in summer. However, the CV wasnoted to be lower in winter than in summer in the case of Cr andV, in gills of C. scabridum and Ni in the case of seawatersamples. Further, by ANOVA, except V, significant relationshipswere noted between the heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni) andvarious locations in the gills of C. scabridum.     

Biodiversity: gaps in knowledge

The Convention on Biological Diversity set conservation of biodiversity on the world agenda. Gaps in knowledge need to be addressed for actions to be effective and sustainable. Gaps include: species diversity, micro-organisms and their ecological roles, ecological and geographical status of species, human capacity to assess and forecast bio-ecological degradation. Requirements for global inventories call for worldwide collaboration. Criteria for setting priorities need to be formulated and agreed.Biodiversity in an eco-geographical region, the southern Mediterranean, is discussed as a case study. Outlines of national actions to contribute to world endeavor are outlined.     

Trichloroacetic Acid as Additional Factor Contributing to Desertification in Southern Africa

There has been an accelerated expansion of deserts in the past five decades. Recent data reveal that the atmogenically formed organic compound, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a contributory factor in addition to anthropogenic and natural sources. The aim of this study was to use TCA as an indicator for the possible occurrence of C₂-chloroacetic acids; to assess the burden on the vegetation by using pine needles as a bio-indicator system and to deliberate on the possible role of TCA in the dynamics of the vegetation in southern Africa. Field experiments conducted on pine trees and on C₃ and C₄ crop plants under controlled laboratory conditions, have revealed that plants could be influenced positively or negatively by TCA. To obtain an integrated assessment of the pollution emission over a time span of at least one year, two-year-old pine needles of different Pinus species were used as a bio-indicator for TCA pollution at different measuring sites. The data of our investigation clearly indicate that areas exist in South Africa where the vegetation is burdened by ecotoxicologically relevant TCA contents comparable to those in central Europe and southern Russia where TCA was shown to play a role in the destabilisation of the steppe vegetation.     

浮游微型真核生物群落对电厂温排水增温的响应

浮游微型真核生物作为初级生产者,细菌捕食者和较大型生物寄生者,在维持生态系统稳定中起核心作用.因此,研究浮游微型真核生物对温排水增温的响应对评价近年来大量电厂兴建的环境效应具有重要意义.沿象山港乌沙山电厂温排水水流采集表层水样,利用Illumina技术测定18S r DNA基因研究浮游微型真核生物群落组成.真核浮游生物的主要组成为囊泡虫门(Protalveolata)、纤毛亚门(Ciliophora)、甲藻门(Dinoflagellata)和丝足虫类(Cercozoa).多元回归树分析发现浮游微型真核生物多样性主要受溶解氧、硝态氮和温度的控制.温排水造成的增温梯度显著地改变了浮游微型真核生物的群落组成(Global RANOSIM=0.422,P0.001);反向选择筛选到空间距离、溶解氧、叶绿素a和温度是造成群落变异的主要因子.浮游微型真核生物的空间分布遵循空间距离-群落相似性衰减模型(R=-0.192,P=0.039),周转速率为0.002.此外,筛选到15个敏感的真核生物科,其相对丰度与增温幅度显著相关.重要的是对某一特定的科,其相对丰度随温度的变化与其已知的生态功能相吻合,可以作为评价温排水增温的指示种群.本研究阐明了温排水增温梯度下真核浮游生物群落的空间分布规律,并为评价温排水对微生态效应提供了灵敏的生物学指标.