典型酿造业厂界无组织排放VOCs污染特征与风险评价

为探明酿造企业厂界无组织排放VOCs的浓度特征、恶臭污染及健康风险,采用便携式气相色谱-质谱仪对典型酿造企业醋厂和酒厂厂界无组织排放VOCs进行监测,分析研究其VOCs的浓度水平和组成特征,采用阈稀释倍数和感官测定法对VOCs进行恶臭分析,并进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,醋厂和酒厂厂界无组织排放VOCs的总浓度分别为0.968 mg·m~(-3)和0.293 mg·m~(-3).醋厂排放的VOCs中乙酸乙酯和乙酸含量较高,分别占总VOCs的76.3%和13.5%.酒厂排放的VOCs中以乙醇和己酸乙酯为主,分别占总VOCs的56.3%和30.4%.含氧VOCs是酿造企业污染源排放的主要组分.两厂总恶臭指数均大于1,表明其无组织VOCs排放对大气环境存在恶臭污染,且其臭气浓度均超过恶臭污染物厂界标准限值.醋厂和酒厂VOCs致癌风险指数分别为2.45×10~(-6)和5.25×10~(-6),超过了EPA致癌风险值(1.0×10~(-6)),但未超过OSHA致癌风险值(1.0×10~(-3))_及ICRP最大可接受的风险值(5.0×10~(-5)).     

合理控制UASB 改善厌氧出水水质

在UASB工艺中如何改善酒精废醪出水水质的有关问题进行了探讨 ,指出 :形成和保持沉淀性能良好的活性污泥是改善酒精废醪厌氧出水水质的根本点。并得到合理控制UASB ,发挥其最大优势的工艺思路。并且通过生产性的试验 :UASB稳定负荷率为1 2 .5kg/m3.d,处理效率稳定在 90 %以上。     

Bacterial pretreatment enhances removal of heavy metals during treatment of post-methanated distillery effluent by Typha angustata L

A combination of bacterial pretreatment followed by free water surface flow through wetland plants was investigated to determine its effect on removal of heavy metals in bioremediation of post-methanated distillery effluent (PMDE). The bacterial pretreatment was intended to transform the metal complexes and organic pollutants into simpler, biologically assimilable molecules. The 10% and 30% v/v concentrations of PMDE favored luxuriant bacterial growth; the 50% concentration supported less growth, whereas the undiluted effluent (i.e., 100%) supported very little bacterial growth. The use of bacterial pretreatment combined with the constructed wetland system greatly increase the overall bioaccumulation of all heavy metals by the plants compared with the control treatment. However, the integration of bacterial pretreatment of PMDE with the Typha angustata resulted in enhanced removal of Cd (34.02–61.50% increase), Cr (35.90–57.60% increase), Cu (32.88–54.22% increase), Fe (32.50–51.26% increase), Mn (35.99–82.85% increase), Ni (35.85–59.24% increase), Pb (33.45–59.51% increase) and Zn (31.95–53.70% increase) compared with a control that lacked this pretreatment. In addition to the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals, several physico-chemical parameters also improved at the 30% effluent concentration: color, BOD, COD, phenol and total nitrogen decreased by 98.33%, 98.89%, 98.50%, 93.75% and 82.39%, respectively, after 7 days of free water surface flow treatment. The results suggest that bacterial pretreatment of PMDE, integrated with phytoremediation will improve the treatment process of PMDE and promote safer disposal of this waste.     

UASB反应器处理酒精废液颗粒污泥形成过程的研究

采用中温（３５±１℃）ＵＡＳＢ反应器处理酒精废液，通过启动、运行，成功地培养出了颗粒污泥，取得了良好的处理效果。试验在运行的不同时间对反应器污泥中不同营养类群细菌进行了分类计数；分析了颗粒污泥形成中细菌数量的变化规律；并通过扫描电镜观察了颗粒污泥的表面情况。     

Improving Energetic Performance and Water Usage in an Industrial Ethanol Distillery

In this paper, a case study based on an industrial process of ethanol distillation was undertaken. It was aimed to improve the energy and water usage in the process. Pinch Analysis concepts were used to propose a new heat exchanger network and a study was undertaken to the water reuse. The minimization of wastewater is achieved through the exploitation of recycle and reuse opportunities by process modifications. Through these studies, a new streams circuit was obtained, which resulted in a lower consumption of steam and in a reduction in the volume of water collecting of 12 m³ to 1 m³ per tons of crushed sugar cane. Process changes and economical viability were presented. Two kinds of equipment were studied, cooling towers and aspersion tanks.     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

Removal of organic matter and nitrogen from distillery wastewater by a combination of methane fermentation and denitrification/nitrification processes

Introduction D istillery w astew ater m ainly includes spent w ash, w hich is one of the m ost com plex, troublesom e industrial organic effluents. This kind of w astew ater has previously been treated aerobically after dilution w ith other w ash w aters.…     

纳米磁粉复配混凝剂深度处理木薯酒精废水研究

将纳米Fe_3O_4颗粒与无机混凝剂FeCl_3复配,用于木薯酒精废水的强化混凝处理;探索了磁复配前后混凝剂的除浊、除有机物和脱色效果,并对絮体和出水分别进行了红外和三维荧光光谱分析。结果表明:相较于普通FeCl_3,磁复配混凝剂的浊度去除率达98.5%,除浊效果有明显提高;而溶解性有机物和致色物质的去除主要依赖于FeCl_3的作用,由于木薯酒精好氧处理出水存在木质素分解产物和类黑精,大量羟基和酰胺键易与Fe~(3+)形成金属配位键。     

Development of clean technology in alcohol fermentation industry

A zero-discharge system for the alcohol fermentation industry was developed by recycling distillery waste (stillage). Stillage was able to be recycled as cooking water for the next fermentation after treating it with appropriate separation processes. Ultrafiltration with a ceramic membrane played a key role in the separation processes. When the permeate from the ultrafiltration of stillage was recycled to the cooking step, the total fermentation time was prolonged from 60 to 70–80 h, but the average ethanol production yield (8.8%) was similar to that in the conventional process (9.0%). In contrast, direct recycle of stillage without membrane filtration showed negative effects on both fermentation time and alcohol yield as recycling was repeated. This new process was confirmed to have stable operation over eight recycles. This new clean technology for the ethanol production industry makes it possible to eliminate the stillage treatment steps using the conventional biological treatment processes such as anaerobic digestion and activated sludge steps currently being operated in industry.     

糖蜜酒精废水微氧厌氧生物脱硫

糖蜜酒精废水属于富含硫酸盐的高浓度有机废水,采用微氧厌氧生物脱硫技术进行处理。在同一反应器中先利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)将糖蜜酒精废水中的硫酸盐还原为硫化物,然后利用无色硫细菌(CSB)在微氧状态下将硫酸盐还原产物———硫化物氧化成硫单质,消除了硫化物对产甲烷菌的毒害作用。研究结果表明,此工艺脱硫效果显著。