省以下生态转移支付制度环境保护激励效应

现有文献认为生态转移支付具有基本公共服务均等化与提升地方生态环境质量双目标,而目标的多样性会影响地方财政转移支付资金效果及目标的实现。文章基于环保支出和农林水支出的中介与调节效应,对生态转移支付的生态环境目标进行了理论分析,利用2010—2018年甘肃、贵州、湖北及河南四省的199个县的面板数据进行实证检验。实证研究表明:在样本期内,生态转移支付促进了地方生态环境质量的提升,中介效应和调节效应模型的结果表明,中国地方生态转移支付资金对辖区环境保护效果中,环境保护支出起到部分中介效应,农林水支出不仅调节了生态转移支付的地方环境保护支出效果,而且调节了环境保护支出对地方环境质量的影响。因此,由于地方政府具有环境治理信息优势,省以下制度目标更能体现辖区生态需求,省对县生态转移支付制度会有效促进地方生态环境质量的改善,环保激励效应较为明显。同时,县级地方政府应该逐步摆脱"先污染后治理"的路径依赖,逐步转向经济与环境"双目标协同发展"模式。为了协同生态转移支付的双目标,"自下而上参与式决策"可以作为环境治理的有益补充,通过地方政府多元化实践改善环境质量。     

石墨烯/聚苯胺修饰阴极对反硝化MFC性能影响

反硝化生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFC）以电极为电子供体,在自养条件下完成硝酸盐去除过程.本研究以碳布（CC）为基底材料,分别制备获得还原氧化石墨烯修饰（rGO-CC）,聚苯胺修饰（PANI-CC）及二者复合修饰的CC电极（rGO/PANI-CC）,并考察其作为阴极材料对反硝化生物阴极MFC产电脱氮性能的影响.扫描电镜结果显示,rGO-CC和PANI-CC的碳纤维分别被片层状rGO和网状PANI覆盖,而rGO/PANI-CC表面呈现PANI在附着rGO的碳纤维上团聚的形貌,均增大了碳布的比表面积.循环伏安测试显示,rGO/PANI-CC具有最高的电化学活性.以rGO-CC,PANI-CC和rGO/PANI-CC为阴极构建MFC的产电能力分别提高了82%,24%和41%,其阴极对NO₃^--N的去除能力增强了23%,9%和13%.16S rDNA测序结果揭示修饰后电极表面微生物的多样性下降,Stappia和Pacacoccus属微生物的丰度增加.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

Investigation to meet China II emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time, the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option. In this study, a marine diesel engine, which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode, was investigated. After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated, and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst), the engine could meet the requirements of China II legislation. The overall MSP (methanol substitute percent) reached 54.1%. The value of each pollutant emission was much lower than that in China II emission legislation, and there was almost no methanol and formaldehyde emissions. When methanol was injected into the inlet manifold, the intake air temperature decreased a lot, as well as the exhaust gas temperature, which were beneficial to increase engine thermal efficiency and improve engine room environment. Compared with the engine running in pure diesel mode, when the engine ran in diesel/methanol dual fuel mode, the combustion phase was advanced, and the combustion duration became shorter. Therefore, the engine thermal efficiency increased, and fuel consumption decreased significantly.     

汽车污染与控制探讨

通过阐述汽车污染的原理，提出了汽车的防污途径有控制汽车尾气污染的方法。     

三峡库区长江水位变化条件下滑坡稳定性二元指标体系研究

安全系数是边坡稳定性评价中的常用方法,在长期的工程实践中积累了丰富的经验,其最大的缺点是不能考虑边坡岩土体中实际存在的不确定性。可靠性理论可有效地考虑边坡系统内实际存在的不确定性和相关性,但是缺乏丰富的工程实践经验,因此,将工程实践经验丰富的安全系数与先进的可靠性理论相结合,建立安全系数与可靠性相耦合的二元评价体系具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。以巴东县东壤口镇宋家屋场滑坡为实例,计算了长江水位从135 m至175 m变化过程中的平均安全系数(最大可能安全系数)和相应的可靠性。将最大可能安全系数与边坡可靠性相乘,对最大可能安全系数进行折减,得到边坡可靠的安全系数。设折减后安全系数的临界值为1．05,由此计算出不同最大可能安全系数的临界变异系数和临界破坏概率。根据不同的最大可能安全系数及它的临界破坏概率,绘制出边坡稳定性分区图。用均值安全系数和可靠性二元指标对宋家屋场滑坡的稳定性进行了评价,结果是可靠的安全系数为1．068,略大于临界值,处于基本稳定状态。文中论述了边坡稳定性二元指标体系的建立方法。     

双冲击泡沫水浴除尘器在钢铁联合企业双燃料锅炉上的应用

结合工程实例介绍了双冲击泡沫水浴除尘器的应用领域、结构特点、处理效果及其现实意义和发展前景。     

A comparison of hydrocarbons emission from engine running 85# gasoline and M-100 methanol fuel

Increasing global interest in methanoi fuel has led us to investigate the exhaust emissionsof its engine. Analysis of its inorganic and organic emissions. such as CO. NO_x and hydrocarbons(total HC) have been widely reported. This paper presents an analysis of more than 20 kinds ofhydrocarbons in the emissions obtained from a spark-ignition Shanghai car running 85^# gasoline anda comparison with emission from a Santana test car running M-100 methanol fuel. A set ofenrichment method has also been described. Test results show that at the current stage of methanolengine development the concentration of individual hydrocarbon including some poisonous substancesis lower than those of normal gasoline engine.     

煤炭燃烧排砷水平与控制技术研究

煤炭是我国目前的主要一次能源之一,燃煤中的重金属污染愈来愈受到重视,如何控制煤炭中砷向环境中扩散,减轻环境污染是近年来重要的研究课题.通过开展对铁法煤业集团内部高砷煤和低砷煤的动力配煤燃烧试验,分析动力配煤燃烧过程中的砷迁移水平,研究铁法煤业集团内部动力配煤燃烧过程中的砷迁移规律和动力配煤降砷的可行性,并为开展最佳动力配煤操作数据提供理论依据,为高砷煤燃烧控制砷的排放寻找治理途径,提高煤炭资源的最大利用效率.     

煤炭非燃料利用与洁净煤技术

煤炭是中国的主要能源和资源，也是主要的污染源。煤炭燃料利用的不洁净使得其能源主导地位受到石油、天然气和新能源越来越大的挑战。寻求合理、高效、洁净的煤炭非燃料利用新途径应当成为煤化工发展的重要方向。本文在分析了煤炭燃料利用存在问题和前景的基础上，强调煤炭非燃料利用应当成为洁净煤技术的一种主要形式，并指出煤炭非燃料利用的合理途径。