Density and extra-pair fertilizations in birds: a comparative analysis

Møller and Birkhead (1992, 1993) reported that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) occur more frequently in colonial than dispersed nesting birds. We comprehensively reviewed published data to investigate how breeding density affects extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs). Within species EPFs appeared to increase with density: two of three studies on colonial breeders and six of eight on dispersed nesters showed increases in EPFs with increasing density. However, comparisons among species (n?=?72) revealed no evidence that EPF frequencies correlated with (1) nesting dispersion, (2) local breeding density, or (3) breeding synchrony, even when each of these variables in turn was held constant and phylogenetic relationships were taken into account via contrast analyses. Methodological and biological reasons for the disparity between observational studies of EPCs and molecular genetic analyses of EPFs are discussed.     

紫色土坡耕地氮淋溶过程及其环境健康效应

本研究通过观测3场不同降雨强度及不同施肥方式处理下氮素随紫色土坡耕地的壤中流迁移过程,并对氮素淋溶效应的环境健康效应进行风险评价,进而为控制紫色土地区氮素非点源污染及建立合理施肥制度提供科学依据.结果表明,不同降雨强度下,氮素随壤中流输出形态差异较大,溶解态氮(DN)的比重为53.74%~99.21%,其中硝酸盐(NO-3-N)的比重约为35.70%~93.65%,而在中雨强度下硝酸盐比重高达84.09%~93.65%;对于不同降雨强度,中雨强度下(降雨量为24.7mm)壤中流各形态氮素输出通量最高,总氮(TN)、DN、颗粒态氮(PN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)输出通量分别可高达737.17、711.12、26.06、12.70和0.46 mg·m-2,而NO-3-N输出通量可高达686.12 mg·m-2,对地下水环境存在巨大污染隐患.通过对地下水氮素进行污染风险评价,表明秸秆还田能够有效缓解施肥带来的氮淋溶效应,降低地下水氮素污染风险,特别是有机-无机肥配施能有效减缓地下水污染状况,达到改善土壤肥力从而增加农作物产量的目的.