黄河干流全河段浮游植物群落特征与水质生物评价

为明晰水利工程修建后的黄河干流生态完整性与多样性状况,于2019年春季及秋季对黄河干流自源区至河口全河段浮游植物群落进行了调查.共鉴定浮游植物8门130属350种,春季（229种）和秋季（307种）物种数分别占总物种数的65.43%和87.71%,硅藻门和绿藻门均为两季浮游植物优势门类;春秋两季所有断面浮游植物密度及生物量平均值分别为162.39×10⁴cells/L、2.53mg/L和141.12×10⁴cells/L、3.04mg/L;根据多样性指数进行水质生物评价,秋季整体水质优于春季水质.受水库影响断面的浮游植物密度与生物量均大于临近自然河道断面;多年调节水库和年调节水库浮游植物现存量为库首>库中>库尾,不完全年调节水库则与之相反,日调节水库库区内三个断面差异不大.水质生物评价结果表明,黄河干流自源区至河口的污染程度逐渐增加.     

新水沙条件下长江中下游干流水体总磷时空变化分析

长江干流三峡及上游水库群陆续建成运行后,中下游干流水体已形成新的水沙条件,其对水体磷含量的影响备受关注.为此,研究了新水沙条件下中下游干流总磷浓度的时空分布特征.结果表明：①三峡蓄水后,长江中下游干流水体TCP（澄清30min样品）浓度基本在0.10~0.15 mg·L^-1之间变动,在时间尺度上总体呈先上升后降低趋势,在空间尺度上沿程呈现升高趋势;水体中溶解态总磷（TDP）浓度随时间推移缓慢升高.②水体中可沉降固体对不同江段水体中磷含量存在不同程度影响,南津关、汉口和吴淞口下23 km这3个断面TCP/TP比值中位值分别为0.900、0.720和0.609,从上游到下游依次降低;水体中溶解态总磷（TDP）占总磷（TP）比例沿程呈下降趋势,而颗粒磷（TPP）占总磷（TP）比例沿程呈上升趋势,南津关、汉口、吴淞口下23 km等3个断面TPP/TP比值中位值分别为0.439、0.567和0.738.③按照《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）要求,以TCP浓度进行水质评价,评价结果显示长江中下游干流水质总体良好.但若考虑水体中可沉降固体影响,以水体总磷（TP）浓度进行评价,会得出相对较差的结果,尤其是在靠近河口段.④长江中下游干流主河道靠上游河段不同监测断面内部各测线、测点磷浓度差异较小,河口附近则差异明显.⑤长江中下游干流城市江段近岸水域水体中TCP浓度明显高于相应河段主河道常规监测结果,局部河段存在明显岸边污染带.     

Combined Effects of Climate Change and Bank Stabilization on Shallow Water Habitats of Chinook Salmon

Significant challenges remain in the ability to estimate habitat change under the combined effects of natural variability, climate change, and human activity. We examined anticipated effects on shallow water over low‐sloped beaches to these combined effects in the lower Willamette River, Oregon, an area highly altered by development. A proposal to stabilize some shoreline with large rocks (riprap) would alter shallow water areas, an important habitat for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and would be subject to U.S. Endangered Species Act‐mandated oversight. In the mainstem, subyearling Chinook salmon appear to preferentially occupy these areas, which fluctuate with river stages. We estimated effects with a geospatial model and projections of future river flows. Recent (1999–2009) median river stages during peak subyearling occupancy (April–June) maximized beach shallow water area in the lower mainstem. Upstream shallow water area was maximized at lower river stages than have occurred recently. Higher river stages in April–June, resulting from increased flows predicted for the 2080s, decreased beach shallow water area 17–32%. On the basis of projected 2080s flows, more than 15% of beach shallow water area was displaced by the riprap. Beach shallow water area lost to riprap represented up to 1.6% of the total from the mouth to 12.9 km upstream. Reductions in shallow water area could restrict salmon feeding, resting, and refuge from predators and potentially reduce opportunities for the expression of the full range of life‐history strategies. Although climate change analyses provided useful information, detailed analyses are prohibitive at the project scale for the multitude of small projects reviewed annually. The benefits of our approach to resource managers include a wider geographic context for reviewing similar small projects in concert with climate change, an approach to analyze cumulative effects of similar actions, and estimation of the actions’ long‐term effects. Efectos Combinados del Cambio Climático y la Estabilización de Bordes de Ríos Hábitats de Aguas Poco Profundas del Salmón Chinook