DESIGN OF DESALTING PLANTS FOR CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION1

ABSTRACT The selection of an evaporator design must reflect the balancing of captial cost (primarily in heat exchanger surface and vessels) against operating cost (primarily steam cost) to achieve minimum cost. In a conjunctive plant the tendency is to select a low-capital cost, high-operating cost plant. In addition, it is advantageous to use a high-capacity plant which needs to be operated much less of the time than a plant which is sized just at the needed rate. For example, in the study of a possible system to satisfy a future increase of 450 MGD in water supply to New York Qty, a plant of 750 MGD capacity was selected as optimum. This plant, of the advanced VTE-MSF process type, would have a performance ratio of 9 lb product/1000 Btu as compared to 10-13 normally used for base-loaded plants. Steam would be supplied by a multi-unit dual-purpose nuclear power plant. The most economical type of energy supply would be “interruptible”; the steam would be used by a low pressure turbine to generate electricity during periods of peak electrical demand but would be available to the desalting plant at other times. The low pressure turbine would be available as spinning reserve during desalting plant operation. It is estimated that the desalting plant would have a load factor of 27 per cent over its life.     

DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY,COACHELLA AREA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.     

内循环多级喷动脱硫塔内颗粒流动的数值模拟

文章用数值模拟软件Fluent 13.0对内循环多级喷动脱硫塔实验模型进行了三维数值模拟研究。文章采用新型的内循环多级喷动脱硫塔结构,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型模和Gidaspow曳力模型,通过分析模拟结果发现:由于变化的塔体截面使得脱硫塔中形成了一级塔体流速高,二级塔体流速低;且一级塔体颗粒浓度低,二级塔体颗粒浓度高的分布特点,有效地提高了脱硫剂的利用效率,减少了外部循环热量的损失,同时降低了外部循环设备的工作负荷。     

多级生物系统工程处理沈阳西部污水的研究(示范工程)

建立以污水驱动水轮机,再带动转盘和低坝的落水曝气充氧,和大气复氧,菌藻吐氧,达到多次充氧的多级生物系统工程,以逐级沉淀和多次降解,以及沙滤等设施代替工厂处理的复杂工程。在沈阳西部中试结果证明该工程结构简单、管理方便、处理效果高、节能节资.同时,建立了快速监测生物活性和水质毒性的方法.     

BIOLAK除磷除氮多级废水处理系统

德国的BIOLAK废水处理工艺是一种高效的能同时去除氮和磷的废水处理工艺 ,地盆式的一体化建造使其经济美观 ,浮动式曝气及悬浮溢流等装置使该工艺有理想的处理效果及较好的适应性。     

多级跌坎跌水复氧过程及影响因素试验研究

跌坎作为连接水流上下游的主要措施,水流在跌落过程中其溶解氧迅速增加。以水体氧亏率为指标,研究多级跌坎水流流态为自由跌落水流时的水体复氧过程和机理,结果表明:可将水流自跌坎跌落至下一级跌坎上的整个区域分成水舌空中跌落区(I)、回水区(II)、冲击与水跃区(III)和水流平顺区(Ⅳ),水舌空中跌落区和冲击与水跃区为复氧的主要区域,水体在空中与大气充分接触以及水流流动过程中的自掺气是水体复氧的主要途径;水流流经跌坎时的氧亏率随着单级跌坎高度、多级跌坎级数、跌坎总坡度和流量的增加而增加,与水流紊动程度呈正相关,随着跌坎雷诺数的增大而增加。     

悬挂链脉动波式曝气系统及相关工艺的研究

曝气技术与设备一直是活性污泥处理工艺中的核心组成部分 ,但目前使用的曝气设备存在着诸多不足之处 ,影响了整个处理工艺的效果。悬挂链脉动波式曝气系统解决了长期困扰的问题。本文通过 3个部分分析了该技术的设备特点、工艺特点和经济性。通过对悬挂链移动曝气技术与设备的研究 ,为今后我国兴建污水处理厂提供了一条低投资、高效能的途径 ,使我国在较短时间内提高污水处理率成为可能     

多级A/O工艺强化处理城市污水的效果研究

以宜兴市某城市污水厂多级A/O工艺的运行监测数据为依据,分析了该工艺对宜兴城市污水中主要污染物和遗传毒性的去除效果.结果表明,多级A/O单元对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为:(67.3±7.0)%、(93.7±1.5)%、(65.3±7.9)%、(60.0±18.7)%,在整个工艺流程中对各常规污染物指标的去除起到了绝对主导作用;对污水中的烷烃、卤代烃、醇类去除效果较好,对污水中主要含有的荧光物质(芳香族蛋白质类似物)去除效果不理想;对污水中SOS/umu遗传毒性的去除率为82.8%.多级A/O工艺处理宜兴城市污水的主要问题是有机负荷低、单点进水和碳源单点投加效果不理想,以致后段A/O并没有充分发挥其强化去除优势,建议改为多点进水,调整碳源投加点.研究结果可为同类污水厂运行效果评价提供依据,也为提高该污水厂的运行效率提供技术支持.     

微介复合固体酸β分子筛催化芳烃硝化合成研究

研究了多级孔道β分子筛催化剂对芳烃(氯苯)的硝化反应,显示具有优异的催化作用。在以硝酸为硝化剂,氯苯∶催化剂=3∶1,60℃反应2 h条件下,对比传统β分子筛,自制多级孔道β分子筛的催化活性较高,且氯苯的对位选择性均有所提高,对位/邻位比分别从0.5提高到1.2。多级孔道β分子筛催化剂重复使用5次,催化活性保持稳定,且随着孔道比表面积增加,催化剂稳定性更好。     

悬挂链曝气工艺应用于中小城镇污水治理

通过对悬挂链曝气工艺特点和应用情况的分析,总结了针对中小城镇污水处理厂的设计与建设经验。结合我国国情,提出悬挂链曝气工艺为中小城镇污水处理厂的建设提供了一个良好的选择。