一株尼古丁高效降解菌株的分离鉴定和降解特性

从杭州利群环保纸业有限公司库存废烟叶中分离得到一株尼古丁高效降解菌株ZUTSKD.经形态、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株属于Pseudomonas sp.,命名为Pseudomonas sp. Strain ZUTSKD.该菌能以尼古丁为唯一碳氮源和能源生长,降解尼古丁最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5.添加氯化铵和葡萄糖有利于尼古丁的降解.在尼古丁的代谢产物中能够检测到3-(2,3,4-三氢-5-吡咯基)-吡啶,2,3′-二吡啶, 可天宁和3-羧基-吡啶.该研究表明,ZUTSKD菌株有很强的尼古丁降解能力,可用于处理烟草废弃物.     

Histological changes in the reproductive system of male rats exposed to cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette vapor

Abstract

The use of electronic cigarettes increases as a supposedly healthier form of nicotine consumption, but safety of vaping remains uncertain. In this study, we assessed whether the use of electronic cigarettes increases the risk of infertility in male rats. Malformations of sperm morphology were more frequent in nicotine-exposed groups than in the control group. Vacuolization of seminiferous epithelium, reduction of spermatogenesis, increased apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and acceleration of degeneration of testes were observed. The male reproductive organs are slightly less affected by vaping than by smoking. Nevertheless, in consequence both may lead to the reduction of fertility.     

烟碱对东方粉蝶幼虫觅食行为的影响和毒害作用

利用结球甘蓝、大白菜、蕹菜和莴苣菜4种蔬菜及东方粉蝶幼虫作为实验对象,以0％、0.01％、0.1％、1％和2％5种烟碱浓度梯度研究东方粉蝶幼虫对经过不同烟碱浓度喷洒过的4种蔬菜的觅食行为以及不同烟碱浓度对东方粉蝶幼虫的毒害作用．研究表明,在同一烟碱浓度下,东方粉蝶幼虫对4种蔬菜觅食行为及毒害致死时间差异不显著;不同烟碱浓度显著影响东方粉蝶幼虫对4种蔬菜的觅食数量和存活时间;烟碱浓度与东方粉蝶幼虫的觅食数量和对东方粉蝶幼虫的毒害致死时间呈显著负相关     

Online Water Monitoring Method as a Water Security Tool: A Feasibility View

Since the tragic event on September 11, 2001 (9/11), homeland security has been the center of major attention not only in the United States but also around the world. Among homeland security agenda, more concerns on drinking water system have been drawn into the forefront attention from the public and water industry. Governmental agencies have been called upon to strongly protect the water resources from becoming a possible terror target. The online monitoring of a water system offers the potential to reduce the possible danger from a terrorist contamination as well as from unintentional chemical spills. As potential terrorist contaminants, seven chemical compounds (aldicarb, cycloheximide, dicrotophos, nicotine, sodium arsenate, sodium cyanide, and sodium fluoroacetate) were studied at different doses, in order to determine their detectability when they are present in a water system, including intake, treatment, and distribution. These contaminants were monitored by measuring simple water quality parameters such as conductivity, pH, chlorine residual, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and UV254. Results indicated that the contaminants used for the study were detected at certain toxicity concentrations through the online water quality monitoring method. This method provides a useful tool for watching water resources against possible terror attacks, and also keeping safe water quality.     

废弃烟草资源化利用研究进展

我国是烟草生产大国,每年相应产生大量废弃烟草。通过萃取法可从废弃烟叶中提取烟碱,提取的烟碱具有杀虫及治疗疾病的功效;烟梗、烟末废料经粉碎加工之后可制成烟草薄片;废弃烟杆经炭化活化后能制成活性炭,还可制成纤维板等;废弃烟草经生物技术处理后可制得乙醇和有机肥等。本文结合国内外相关研究资料,对废弃烟草的利用进行了综述及展望。     

烟草废水菌群处理及主要污染物降解过程解析

烟草制品加工过程中会产生大量的废水,且含有尼古丁等多种复杂的有毒难降解污染物,如不合理处置,将对环境造成严重的污染并危害人类健康,因而有效处理该类废水是烟草行业中一个亟待解决的技术难题.利用梯度筛选驯化法从环境中获得3组高效处理烟草加工废水的菌群,其中高效菌群C对化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达83.1%,且其他各项指标如色度、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)及磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)等均明显降低.微生物群落结构分析结果显示,菌群的香农-威纳指数(Shannon-Wiener Index)、辛普森多样性指数(Simpson Index)和菌群丰富度指数(ACE)分别为3.645、0.978、106,表明菌群多样性高,物种构成复杂,分布均匀.菌群C中变形菌门占有最大比例为48.7%,其次为放线菌门,比例为11.5%,并在菌群中检测出多种具有降解杂环芳香化合物、芳烃及酚类等物质的菌种.污染物检测结果证明,菌群处理后污染物整体去除率近90%,其中尼古丁被完全降解,去除率为100%.本研究获得的菌群不仅可以针对性的降解主要污染物尼古丁,且能够全面去除其他污染物,在烟草废水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Summary. Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.?The nicotine binding site of both α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).?Only 10 to 20% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na?ve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites. Received 23 March 2001; accepted 4 August 2001.     

The roles of nicotine and natural enemies in determining larval feeding site distributions of Manduca sexta L. and Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) on tobacco

Summary. Field observations indicated that hornworms select feeding sites non-randomly on tobacco. We tested the hypotheses that differences in feeding site locations of larvae of Manduca sexta L. and Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on tobacco could be explained by differential nicotine concentrations within plants and leaves, species-specific responses to nicotine, or pressure exerted by natural enemies. Results showed that third-instar larvae of M. sexta fed more proximally and centrally on the leaf, whereas M. quinquemaculata fed more distally. Within-plant selection of leaves did not differ; both species selected leaves in the middle region of the plant. Nicotine concentrations in a high nicotine genotype, NC95, varied within each leaf, increasing 2—3 fold from the basal to apical portion of the leaf, and within each plant, increasing 7—10 fold from the first fully expanded leaf to the twelfth (lowest) leaf. In laboratory bioassays, both Manduca species responded to nicotine as a feeding deterrent. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that gustatory organs of both species responded to nicotine at concentrations found in tobacco leaves and that M. quinquemaculata generally showed a less vigorous response to nicotine than M. sexta. Field mortality of M. sexta due to parasitism by Cotesia congregata (Say) and to parasitism and predation combined differed among feeding sites; predation alone did not. Results suggest that although nicotine concentration and species specific responses to nicotine play a role in determining feeding site locations, pressure exerted by natural enemies, especially parasitism by C. congregata, is more important. Received 22 February 2000; accepted 20 July 2001.     

微生物酶促高效提制废次烟草中烟碱的研究

采用酶促反应利用微生物发酵处理废次烟叶提取烟碱,对比发酵及微波协助等不同方式,利用分光光度法测定发酵体系中烟碱溶出含量,优选出发酵菌种,并探讨接种量和培养基质及不同工艺参数等对烟碱含量的影响。实验结果表明:选用白腐真菌和管囊酵母(1∶1)在微波协助处理下,当烟叶与水的重量比为3∶20,豆粕与烟叶重量百分比为15%,接种量40%,pH=6,30℃发酵48 h,能得到烟草中烟碱溶出浓度为3.291 g/L,为有效实现废次烟草减量化排放与资源化利用结合奠定基础。     

香烟水溶性提取物对大鼠心肌线粒体的毒性

观察香烟水溶性提取物(CSE)和尼古丁对大鼠心肌线粒体的损伤作用.大鼠心肌线粒体分别与CSE或尼古丁于37℃温孵60min,结果表明,CSE明显降低线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)活性,呈剂量依赖性.但是ATPase活性不受影响.在线粒体呼吸活性受到抑制的同时,过氧化指标无明显变化.CSE对6.5mmol/L钙离子引起的线粒体肿胀反应具有抑制作用,但可加剧250mmol/L钙离子诱导的线粒体肿胀反应.维生素C对CSE造成的线粒体损伤无保护作用.未见尼古丁对体外大鼠心肌线粒体有毒性.CSE对心肌线粒体的损伤可能是由于它对呼吸酶活性的直接抑制作用而与氧自由基机制无关.尼古丁可能不是CSE损伤大鼠心肌线粒体的毒性成分.