Novel synthesis blends between bacterial polyesters and acrylic rubber: A study on enzymatic biodegradation

The biodegradability of a multicomponent system based on biotechnological occurring polyester (poly(-hydroxybutyrate-co--hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)) with inclusion of acrylate elastomer (polybutylacrylate) (PBA) was investigated. A bacterium which produced extracellular enzymes that degrades PHBV even when blended with PBA was isolated and tentatively designated asAureobacterium saperdae. It was observed, by morphological investigation, that, while the bacterial degradation was permitted for PBA content of 20% by weight, it was inhibited for PBA content of 30%, owing to the occurrence of a rubbery layer that prevents to the bacteria an easy accessibility in the PHBV-rich regions. In fact, owing the bacterial growth, only PHBV was metabolized, whereas no degradation of PBA was detected for blend samples. It was confirmed that the degradation proceeded via surface erosion of PHBV also in the blends. Finally, mechanical tests on PHBV/PBA specimens as a function of degradation extent have shown different behavior of the blends at different the PBA content. Thermal analysis of blends and PHBV has been reported, too     

络合-超滤耦合工艺去除水中镍离子的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为络合剂,将其与镍离子络合后的溶液转移至超滤杯中,在0.1 MPa压力下通过聚醚砜超滤膜进行分离,研究pH值和络合剂/Ni2+装载质量比(L)对Ni2+去除率的影响,并根据朗缪尔等温模型拟合络合反应平衡常数.同时研究超滤时间对膜通量和Ni2+去除率的影响.结果表明,选用PAANa为络合剂,在pH值为8、L=5时,Ni2+的去除率达到最大值99.5%.PEI为络合剂时,Ni2+去除率在pH值为7、L为5时达到最大值93.0%.不同pH值条件下拟合得到的络合平衡常数表明,pH为7时最有利于络合反应.另外,单个络合剂单体所能结合的Ni2+个数随着pH值的升高而增大.研究结果还表明,在长达12 h的超滤时间内,PAANa为络合剂时,膜通量的衰减<10%;PEI为络合剂时,膜通量基本保持不变;Ni2+的去除率都基本保持恒定.因此,在合适条件下,络合-超滤耦合工艺能有效去除水中的镍离子.     

阳离子聚丙烯酸酯对污泥脱水性能的影响

以比阻(SRF)、过滤时间(TTF)和泥饼含水率作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,考察2种阳离子聚丙烯酸酯CPAL-1和CPAL-2对污泥脱水性能的影响,并与阳离子絮凝剂三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的作用效果进行比较.还测定了Zeta电位(ZP)和滤液中胞外聚合物(EPS)含量的变化来探讨CPAL的作用机理.实验结果表明,经CPAL-1调理的污泥脱水效果优于CPAM、PAC和FeCl3,明显优于CPAL-2和CTAB.当CPAL-1的投加剂量为0.200 g/g干基时,SRF、TTF和泥饼含水率降至最低,依次为5.37 ×1011m/kg、70 s和75.73％.CPAL主要通过电中和、吸附架桥作用和溶出EPS等来改善污泥的沉降脱水性能.     

聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度技术对水中重金属的选择性测量

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)溶液为结合相,透析膜(CDM)为扩散相,使用改进的薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)装置(CDM-PAAS-DGT),研究其对水中重金属离子累积和测量的选择性.结果表明,队AS溶液的最佳使用浓度为0.0030 mol.1-1;PAAS能够选择性的定量累积和测量水中的Cu2+(回收率98.90%)和Cd2+(回收率103.3%);PAAS与Cu2+和Cd2+的条件配位稳定常数(lgK)分别为6.98和5.61;PAAS对Cu2+和Cd2+的累积容量分别为0.416μmol·ml-1和0.498umol·ml-1.     

3种土壤改良剂对河套灌区玉米田温室气体排放的影响

为研究膨润土、生物炭和聚丙烯酸钾等土壤改良剂对农田温室气体排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了5种不同施肥处理(不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+膨润土、常规施肥+生物炭、常规施肥+聚丙烯酸钾,分别标记为NF、CK、B、C和PAM)下河套灌区2015、2016两年玉米田温室气体排放动态变化.结果表明,玉米生育期内,河套灌区农田N_2O呈双峰型排放规律,各处理于追肥灌水后5~7 d出现N_2O排放峰值;农田CH_4排放无明显规律,个别处理于追肥灌水后6 d左右出现CH_4排放峰值,其余时期均表现为土壤对CH_4的吸收作用;CO_2呈单峰型排放规律,于玉米拔节期出现排放峰值.相关性分析表明,土壤温度的升高,可显著增加土壤N_2O和CO_2的排放速率.与CK相比,B和PAM处理可显著降低N_2O累计排放量(P0.05),降幅分别为38.59%和45.35%;B、C处理可显著增强土壤对CH_4的吸收作用(P0.05),累计吸收量分别增加144.44%和172.22%;B、C处理CO_2累计排放量与CK差异显著(P0.05),与CK相比分别降低25.40%和22.21%.总体来说,B、C和PAM处理下综合增温潜势较CK分别降低27.77%、19.61%和12.16%,温室气体排放强度降低35.20%、26.65%和13.36%.与CK相比,B、C处理下玉米产量显著提高11.33%和9.59%,净生态系统经济预算显著增加16.15%和12.65%(P0.05).综上所述,对河套灌区玉米种植体系而言,常规施肥基础上添加膨润土、生物炭是提高作物产量、降低增温潜势的有效农业措施.     

适用于DOT4制动液环境丙烯酸氨基烤漆的制备与性能研究

目的提高丙烯酸氨基烤漆的耐DOT4制动液性能,并保留其良好的耐冲击性能。方法通过制备高酸价的丙烯酸树脂并与一定量的高分子量的环氧树脂(E20)共混改性后,与氨基树脂混合加热固化制备涂层,分别采用DOT4制动液高温浸泡法、划格法和冲击试验测涂层的耐制动液、附着力和耐冲击性能。结果成功制备了酸价为60 mg KOH/g与固含量为60%高酸价丙烯酸树脂。当高酸价丙烯酸树脂以质量比为3:1的比例与氨基树脂混合并加入4%的E20时制备的涂层具有优异的综合性能,涂层的附着力为0级,耐冲击性能为50 kg·cm,在100℃的DOT4制动液中浸泡7 h后,涂层不脱落,不起泡。结论该方法适用于提高丙烯酸氨基烤漆的耐DOT4制动液性能。     

有机污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数的QSAR研究

污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数(K_(PW))是衡量被动采样器性能和进行优化的一个重要指标,由于实验方法难以逐个测定众多污染物的K_(PW)值,有必要发展其KP W预测方法。本研究选取聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯酸酯(PA)和硅橡胶(SR)3类常用的被动采样材料共7种,采用多元线性回归分析方法构建可用于K_(PW)预测的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。所构建的QSAR模型具有良好的拟合优度(R2a dj介于0.806~0.989)、稳健性(Q2L O O和Q2B O O T分别介于0.786~0.988和0.773~0.801)和预测能力(R_(ext)~2和Q_(ext)~2分别介于0.769~0.989和0.757~0.982),可以用于预测烷烃、烯烃、芳香类、醇类、酮类、酯类、醚类等多种有机污染物的log KP W值。有机污染物的log KP W与分子Mc Gowan体积(Vx)、氯原子个数(n Cl)、环周长(Rperim)、多重键个数(n BM)、N,O极性贡献的拓扑极性表面积(TPSA(NO))、[-N(=)=]结构个数(Ndds N)和羟基个数(nROH)等参数有关。     

漆酶降解阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺/聚丙烯酸酯活性的理性设计

为探究漆酶降解聚丙烯酸酯（PAA）/阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）的微观机理,采用对接模拟了其结构模型与枯草芽孢杆菌漆酶（B. subtilis laccase）的结合.根据-CDOCKER_Energy score打分最高的原则,对获得的最佳结合构象进行分析.然后基于亲和力虚拟氨基酸突变进行丙氨酸（ALA）扫描和饱和突变.结合模式分析表明,HPAM比PAA可更深地埋入活性口袋,B. subtilis laccase对HPAM的亲和力和结合能皆高于PAA.相互作用分析表明,疏水相互作用可能对B. subtilis laccase与底物的结合起到促进作用,而氢键作用会阻碍该酶与底物的结合.通过ALA扫描进一步得知,ARG487、GLY486和TYR133是B. subtilis laccase降解HPAM的关键氨基酸残基,而ASP113和TYR133是B. subtilis laccase降解PAA的关键氨基酸残基.通过饱和突变表明,ASP113>ARG可以提高B. subtilis laccase降解PAA的活性,这些数据为理性设计增强活性的B. subtilis laccase突变体提供了理论参考.     

PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) composite materials – A new fire accident emergency method for thermal protection of adjacent tanks

When a chemical tank fire happens in a storage area, it is very important to protect adjacent tanks so as to decrease fire accident losses. In this paper, a new thermal protection method was put forward based on a PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) thermal insulation composite material spraying on an adjacent tank under fire. Firstly, the PPH material was prepared successfully by a polymerization reaction of potassium acrylate, hectorite, NaHSO₃ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈. Secondly, thermal insulation performance of the PPH material was characterized by heat transfer process at high incident heat flux using cone calorimeter. The results show that thermal insulation performance of the PPH material is affected by a content change of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, NaHSO₃ and hectorite in formulations. The content of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ 0.14 wt%, NaHSO₃ 1.38 wt% and hectorite 1.4 wt% was an optimum formulation ratio to obtain best thermal insulation performance. Finally, possible thermal insulation mechanisms of the PPH material were presented using SEM, TG and TG-IR techniques. One of the thermal insulation mechanisms is the incident heat flux absorbed by water evaporation from the PPH material. Another is the thermal protection of the char formed from the PPH material at high incident thermal radiation, which can prevent heat and mass transfer.     

氧化亚铜在海水中释放速率研究

氧化亚铜是海洋防污涂料中重要的防污剂,防污剂中Cu²⁺释放速率将会显著影响其防污效果,同时海水中的Cu²⁺也影响海洋生物的生长,严格控制防污剂的释放速率对降低海洋生物的风险有重要意义.本研究使用人工海水对新型聚丙烯酸酯防污涂料中氧化亚铜释放速率进行测定,研究涂料构成及海水温度对Cu²⁺释放速率的影响.结果表明氧化亚铜在实验所用混合丙烯酸酯树脂涂料中能够快速实现稳定释放,达到良好防污效果.涂料中体质颜料用量影响涂料的孔隙,涂料颜料体积浓度（PVC）值介于0.136~0.154时,Cu²⁺释放速率适中.氧化亚铜在涂料中的Cu₂O含量高于26.9%时,有利于Cu²⁺长期稳定释放.海水温度升高,涂料Cu²⁺的释放速率将增加数倍.