事物安全演化过程的基本理论研究

安全状态的演化过程是事物发展变化过程的重要组成部分.事物的安全演化过程符合从量变到质变的原理,即服从"安全流变-突变"规律.基于事物"安全流变-突变"规律,建立理论模型,并分析和描述事物的安全演化过程.事物"安全流变-突变"规律的研究为揭示事物的安全本质规律奠定了基础.     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

超声对污泥流变性及絮凝脱水性的影响

采用旋转粘度法研究了活性污泥体系的流变特性,考察和比较了超声处理前后污泥粘度及过滤比阻的变化,并就超声处理污泥的絮凝脱水性能进行了相关测试和分析.结果表明,随剪切速率的增大,污泥表观粘度降低,流动性增大,表现出流体变稀;污泥的流变特性反映出其胶状网络结构具有相对稳定性,污泥对水的结合能力强,因此,其过滤比阻高、脱水性能差;在固定频率25 kHz条件下,低声能密度(0.10～0.15W·mL-1)、短时间(2～3 min)超声处理可有效降低污泥表观粘度及过滤比阻;在絮凝剂(PDMDAAC)投量为污泥干固体质量(TS的)0.5%时,超声处理污泥的过滤比阻与滤饼含水率可分别降低至最小值0.18×109s2·g-1和65.7%.实验结果表明,将超声与絮凝剂结合用于污泥调理是可行的.     

堆石料流变的特性研究与反分析

根据堆石料流变的机理分析,认为在力的持续作用下,细化破碎的堆石颗粒滑移充填孔隙是发生蠕变的主要原因,形成对堆石料流变本质的新认识。通过试验比较分析,三轴流变试验和一维蠕变试验对于堆石料流变规律的描述是基本一致的,并与应力状态和时间因素相关,但流变参数却难以通过试验确定。根据4参数堆石料流变(蠕变)关系式和双屈服面弹塑性模型硬化规律随时间的变化,对坝体原型观测资料进行反馈计算确定流变参数。说明采用反馈分析方法是研究堆石料流变参数的有效途径。     

软弱岩土突发地质灾害的动态流变力学机理分析

结合我国近几年软弱岩土突发地质灾害的实际情况,分析探讨了动态流变力学理论方法在地质灾害突发机理、灾害监测预报等方面的研究技术线路与应用前景.测试了软弱岩土在动态载荷作用下的动态流变参数,建立了动态流变力学模型,推导出新的流变方程.为进一步研究突发地质灾害的临界力学条件、流变动力学方程、动力学关键指标等奠定了基础;对揭示动载作用下软弱岩土加速流变导致地质灾害的流变动力学机制、改进和完善灾害监测预报理论、提高预报的科学性和准确性具有十分重要的理论和现实意义.     

Rheology of Lyocell Solutions from Different Cellulose Sources

Rheological measurements were used to characterize the behavior of lyocell solutions, i.e., cellulose dissolved in N-methymorpholine-N-oxide. Cellulose sources included dissolving pulp, kraft pulp, sugar cane fibers, and kenaf fibers. The dominance of viscous behavior, G values, over elastic behavior, G values, is affected by cellulose concentration and molecular weight. At lower concentrations and degrees of polymerization (DP), dissolving pulp solutions show viscous, inelastic behavior at low frequencies. At higher concentration and DP, dissolving pulp solutions are more elastic at higher frequencies. Solutions prepared with kenaf and sugar cane fibers show similar properties to those using pure dissolving pulp, and comparisons suggest the molecular weight and/or the presence of other substances such as lignin in the cellulose from these alternative sources affect the rheology.     

Thermal and Rheological Properties of Commercial-Grade Poly(Lactic Acid)s

Poly(lactic acid) is the subject of considerable commercial development by a variety of organizations around the world. In this work, the thermal and rheological properties of two commercial-grade poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) are investigated. A comparison of the commercial samples to a series of well-defined linear and star architecture PLAs provides considerable insight into their flow properties. Such insights are valuable in deciding processing strategies for these newly emerging, commercially significant, biodegradable plastics. Both a branched and linear grade of PLA are investigated. The crystallization kinetics of the branched polymer are inferred to be faster than the linear analog. Longer relaxation times in the terminal region for the branched material compared to the linear material manifests itself as a higher zero shear rate viscosity. However, the branched material shear thins more strongly, resulting in a lower value of viscosity at high shear rates. Comparison of the linear viscoelastic spectra of the branched material with the spectra for star PLAs suggests that the branched architecture is characterized by a span molecular weight of approximately 63,000 g/mol. The present study conclusively demonstrates that a wide spectrum of flow properties are available through simple architectural modification of PLA, thus allowing the utilization of this important degradable thermoplastic in a variety of processing operations.     

Effect of solid contents on the controlled shear stress rheological properties of different types of sludge

Controlled shear stress (CSS) test was used to study the effect of solid contents on the corresponding rheological parameters for sludge. Three types of sludge with or without conditioning, including activated sludge (AS), anaerobic digested sludge (ADS), and water treatment residuals (WTRs), were collected for the CSS test. Results showed that the yield stress and the cohesion energy of the sludge networks were improved with increased total suspending solid (TSS) contents in most cases. For the conditioned AS/ADS and the raw WTRs, exponential law was observed in the relationships between cohesion energy of material networks or yield stress and the TSS contents, whereas for the conditioned WTRs, only exponential law dependence was found between the parameters of shear modulus or critical strain and the TSS contents.     

破碎岩体流变特性及其应用研究

受采动应力和水-岩耦合作用,松散含水层下薄基岩煤层采场易发生出水压架致灾事故,而巷采充填方法是解决此类问题的有效途径之一。为了研究巷道充填后上覆岩层的运移规律,首先采用流变仪对充填岩体进行了流变力学试验,其次采用FLAC模拟软件建立了巷采充填的数值计算模型,分析了充填开采时煤柱与充填体的应力、位移变化规律及基岩面的运移规律。研究表明:破碎岩体的压实过程由三部分组成:颗粒的重排、颗粒的破碎和孔隙的填充、颗粒的压缩变形;蠕变状态下,当时间t≥1天,轴向位移基本趋于稳定,破碎岩体达到了一定的强度;随着充填体变形模量的增加,充填体能够有效抑制高位承载岩层的下沉量,从而减小工作面发生压架突水灾害的几率     

煤矿事故中“安全流变-突变论”的研究

“安全流变－ 突变论”是安全科学理论的一个新内容。通过用此理论,对煤矿几类典型的事故分析和综合,进一步认识事故发生、发展以及结束的机理,获得与事故密切联系的几个关键状态点,由这些状态点可以预测、预报事故。