Impact of floodplain and Stage 0 stream restoration on flood attenuation and floodplain exchange during small frequent storms

River flooding impacts human life and infrastructure, yet provides habitat and ecosystem services. Traditional flood control (e.g., levees, dams) reduces habitat and ecosystem services, and exacerbates flooding elsewhere. Floodplain restoration (i.e., bankfull floodplain reconnection and Stage 0) can also provide flood management, but has not been sufficiently evaluated for small frequent storms. We used 1D unsteady Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System to simulate small storms in a 5 km-long, second-order generic stream from the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and varied % channel restored (starting at the upstream end), restoration location, restoration bank height (distinguishes bankfull from Stage 0 restoration), and floodplain width/Manning's n. Stream restoration decreased (attenuated) peak flow up to 37% and increased floodplain exchange by up to 46%. Floodplain width and % channel restored had the largest impact on flood attenuation. The incremental effects of new restoration projects on flood attenuation were greatest when little prior restoration had occurred. By contrast, incremental effects on floodplain exchange were greatest in the presence of substantial prior restoration, setting up a tradeoff. A similar tradeoff was revealed between attenuation and exchange for project location, but not bank height or floodplain width. In particular, attenuation and exchange were always greater for Stage 0 than for bankfull floodplain restoration. Stage 0 thus may counteract human impacts such as urbanization.     

农村生活污水治理措施

介绍了适合于国内农村生活污水治理的一些技术与措施。沼气技术是当前处理农村生活污水的较佳选择。     

石臼漾人工湿地冬夏季全程氨氧化微生物的分布、群落结构及其影响因素研究

湿地作为水体与陆地之间的过渡地带,具有独特的生态环境特性,是氮循环反应的关键区域.研究湿地生态系统中的全程氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation,comammox）,解析该区域中comammox细菌的分布与群落结构特征,补充了此前该新型氨氧化微生物在湿地生态系统中分布特征的研究空白,对于完善comammox细菌在各种不同生态系统中分布情况的研究具有重要意义.本研究在石臼漾人工湿地中于冬夏两季分别采集了大沟中心、大沟边缘、小沟中心和小沟边缘的表层沉积物样品,利用PCR、荧光定量PCR和amoA功能基因高通量测序等方法,解析人工湿地中comammox细菌的时空分布与群落结构特征.主要研究结果如下：①所有样品中均检测到了comammox细菌,其丰度为1.77×10⁵~4.07×10⁷ copies·g^-1.冬季,comammox细菌丰度在大沟中高于氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和氨氧化古菌（ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）,在小沟中高于AOB,但低于AOA;夏季,comammox细菌丰度在所有样点中均高于AOB和AOA.②冬夏两季样品中,comammox细菌丰度与底物NH₄⁺-N浓度均呈负相关关系,且夏季样品中呈显著性负相关.③主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis,PCoA）与多样性分析结果表明,comammox细菌群落结构具有空间异质性,且冬季物种多样性高于夏季.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

腾冲县北海湿地自然保护区生态旅游开发初探

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势发展旅游业，但不合理的开发会使生态环境遭到破坏、生物多样性逐渐丧失、湿地水质面临污染等等。在分析腾冲北海湿地自然保护区发展生态旅游的基础上对旅游开发中存在的问题提出对策和建议。     

人工湿地污水处理系统的蛭石缓冲单元及缓冲能力生物再生研究

针对当前人工湿地污水处理中普遍存在的冬季处理效果差等问题,研究了在处理系统中构建天然蛭石缓冲单元及其吸附饱和后进行生物再生的可行性.结果表明,在水力负荷为1.4 m3·m-2·d-1(COD:150～350mg·L-1、NH 4-N:10～30 mg·L-1、TP:1.0～4.5 mg·L-1)和蛭石层填充高度≥60cm的条件下,无植物天然蛭石缓冲单元可至少在45d内保持出水各项水质指标达到一级排放标准(GB 18918-2002),从而可基本满足人工湿地在植物换季时期的处理需要,而且,增加系统含氧量和蛭石用量可提高体系缓冲性能.在夏秋季温度较高的条件下(25～30℃),利用微生物的硝化与反硝化作用和植物根系的吸收与复氧功能,可有效提高蛭石再吸附的能力,其中有植物的湿地单元90d后蛭石吸附容量的再生率可达88.2%～91.3%,生物再生过程的动力学方程符合指数关系,植物种类、干湿交替时间和碳源对蛭石生物再生过程有较为显著的影响.     

长江口崇明东滩潮间带温室气体排放初步研究

采用原位静态箱法对长江口崇明东滩(CM)湿地3种主要温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的排放、吸收通量进行现场测定。结果表明,春季(5月)崇明东滩湿地是大气CH4的排放源。中潮滩暗箱(CM-2b)CH4的排放通量为394.22μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-2w)为492.58μg/m2.h;低潮滩暗箱(CM-3b)CH4的排放通量为84.89μg/m2.h,明箱(CM-3w)为76.16μg/m2.h,植被和有机质含量的不同是造成中、低潮滩CH4通量差异的主要因素。中潮滩春季草的光和作用可以降低CO2和N2O的排放,明箱内表现为对CO2(-67.45 mg/m2.h)和N2O(-21.79μg/m2.h)的吸收,同时呼吸作用增加了潮滩-大气界面CO2和N2O的排放(CO2,730.27 mg/m2.h;N2O,109.72μg/m2.h)。而低潮滩(CM-3)表现为CO2和N2O的汇,但吸收的通量值较小。     

中国南中国海海岸湿地退化现状和保护对策

南中国海湿地包括广东省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、广西壮族自治区和海南省等五个行政区,总面积为15 393.75 km2。由于受人口增加和经济发展的巨大压力,中国南中国海湿地破坏严重,退化趋势明显。本文在对中国南中国海地区海岸湿地的现状、类型及湿地退化的主要原因进行分析的基础上,提出中国南中国海地区海岸湿地资源保护与管理的建议,以便切实保护中国南中国海沿海多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

盐城湿地大米草对有机污染物净化的研究

盐城沿海湿地大米草(Spartina anglica)不仅是潮间带脆弱光滩环境促淤、护岸等方面的先锋植物,而且也是该区水环境挥发酚类等有机污染物净化的先锋植物。实验结果显示大米草叶面对水中的有机酚具有良好的吸附作用。在静水、避光(夜晚)条件下,大米草对苯酚的吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附规律:q=1.3×10-8C0.08314;同时,大米草种群密度、淹水深度、水流紊动与苯酚的浓度等也影响其对苯酚吸附净化。在光照(白天)条件下。大米草对苯酚又具有光催化降解功能,在同等条件下,与夜晚相比,阴天、晴天光辐射2h后大米草对苯酚的去除率分别可提高9.3和12.8倍。     

20世纪80年代以来挠力河流域湿地景观变化过程研究

挠力河流域面积为241.67×104hm₂。其自然条件决定了该流域具有极丰富的湿地生物多样性。从1980年以来,由于经济的快速发展,该流域湿地景观和土地利用发生了显著的变化。自然湿地资源从1982年的53.32×104hm₂变成2000年的17.17×104hm₂,减少了67.8%;而水田面积却增加了38.5倍,同时,旱田面积也大幅度增加。该文利用遥感和GIS技术,对近20年来该流域湿地景观变化过程进行时空定量分析;并结合流域土地利用/土地覆盖类型的动态变化,探讨流域在经济快速发展中土地利用与湿地之间的演化规律及其对湿地的影响机制。