A physically based statistical model of sand abrasion effects on periphyton biomass

The magnitude and frequency of discharge and fine sediment delivery to rivers can influence riverine food webs through the frequency of scour of algae from the streambed. Models that simulate changes in algal biomass are not very accurate for long periods with frequent low-magnitude flow events. During these periods, sand is mobilized over a stable gravel bed and periphyton losses are patchy at the reach scale. At the patch scale, we examine if an established threshold for rapid sand transport is also a periphyton perturbation threshold. We also develop and validate a statistical rock scale periphyton saltation abrasion model (PSAM) to simulate the abrasive effects of sand, transported by a hopping motion called saltation, on post-flow event biomass. Data were collected from 15 riffles of a Canadian Atlantic salmon river. The threshold clearly divided bed patches with high biomass and low transport rates, from those patches with low biomass and high transport rates. A dimensionally balanced PSAM regression model including explained 57% of the variance in post-flow event biomass. The validated model indicates that periphyton biomass decreases with increasing sand transport rates . Biomass was higher if the microscopic algae were protected from abrasion by growing either above the near-bed layer of saltating sand or within a mat containing more resistant macroalgae (e.g. Nostoc). The use of in our models facilitates testing of our findings in other hydro-sedimentary environments because W^* is a dimensionless scaling parameter that is well established in sediment transport literature. New insight is provided regarding modelling local heterogeneity in post-flow event biomass. These developments are essential to enable more accurate assessments of how periphyton biomass will change with the increase in the recurrence frequency of small flow events (and sand supply) associated with urbanization and climate change.     

基于WEPS模型的天津郊区土壤风蚀起尘及对中心城区迁移量估算

为了预测地表风蚀起尘,针对我国当前地表风蚀预测模型欠缺,相关开发滞后问题,借鉴美国风蚀预报系统(WEPS),研究典型地区地表风蚀预测模型的结构、参数体系以及各参数体系之间的关系,结合卫星遥感技术和实验数据,建立适合天津市的地表风蚀尘预测模型参数体系,开发适合天津市的地表风蚀尘预测模型系统.将天津市域划分为11080个分辨率为1×1 km²的地块,并从中筛选7778个起尘地块; 本地化各地块参数,包括地块经纬度、高程、方向等; 本地化各地块数据库文件,包括风文件、气象文件、土壤文件及管理文件; 编制weps.run文件.以Microsoft Visualstudio 2008为平台,利用C++语言完成WEPS的二次开发,循环计算7778块起尘地块的起尘量,包括蠕移质+跃移质平均损失量、悬移质平均损失量及PM₁₀平均损失量. 2009年,天津郊区各区县总(蠕移质+跃移质)损失量为2.54×10⁶ t,其中指向中心城区的为5.61×10⁵ t; 总悬移质损失量为1.25×10⁷ t,其中指向中心城区的为2.89×10⁶ t; 总PM₁₀损失量为9.04×10⁵ t,其中指向中心城区的为2.03×10⁵ t.     

An analytic study of the effect of saltation on wind profiles

An analytic study of wind profiles above the saltation layer, in which the motion of uniform saltating grains of sand or snow occurs, is conducted. In this study, analytic solutions of the Ekman layer equation that governs the motion of air in a barotropic, neutral atmosphere are obtained in order to investigate the effects of the saltation on the airflow at large distance from a smooth surface. Solutions are derived subject to expressions of the eddy viscosity K(z) defined above the saltation layer up to the Ekman layer. The wind profiles and boundary layer interactions with the saltation process are discussed. With the assumptions that the eddy viscosity varies smoothly from the surface layer to the Ekman layer and K=0.4u _* z(1–z/h), the solutions are found to be consistent with bottom boundary conditions, specified by the velocity profile law outside the saltation layer. These solutions can be either used as an alternative to predict the saltation or used to test the sensitivities of the parameterization scheme designed to simulate dust emissions in a climate or general circulation model (GCM).     

跃移层风沙输运数值模拟

利用fluent软件,选用欧拉-欧拉法对跃移层风沙输运进行模拟,分析了粒径、风速对沙粒体积浓度的影响。结果表明:风沙流发育分为增长、回落和稳定3个阶段;风沙流稳定后沙粒体积浓度沿高度按层分布;输运层主要集中于地表30 cm以下;同一粒径沙粒,随着风速的增大,沙粒体积浓度最大值与最大值出现的高度增大;同一种风速下,粒径增大,体积浓度最大值减小,最大值出现的高度则增高。     

WEPS模型下天津郊区风蚀尘对城区空气质量的影响

为了模拟天津市郊区地表风蚀起尘对城区空气质量影响,以美国风蚀预报系统(WEPS)为基础,并对其进行二次开发,本地化风文件、其他气象要素文件、土壤文件以及管理文件.循环计算每个起尘地块不同季节的蠕移质+跃移质平均损失量、悬移质平均损失量及PM10平均损失量.结果表明,2009年冬季,单位地块的起尘量与总起尘量均大于其他季节;冬季,指向中心城区蠕移+跃移量、悬浮量及PM10各区总起尘量较其他季节大.春季,总起尘量来自东方向最大;夏季,来自西方向最大;秋季,来自西方向最大;冬季,来自北方向最大.一年中,来自北方向的PM10最多,达9.67×104t,而冬季占81.7%.可见,位于城区北面的郊区尤其在冬季对城区空气质量的影响最大.