Hunting Increases Dispersal Limitation in the Tree Carapa procera, a Nontimber Forest Product

Abstract:  The sustainability of seed extraction from natural populations has been questioned recently. Increased recruitment failure under intense seed harvesting suggests that seed extraction intensifies source limitation. Nevertheless, areas where more seeds are collected tend to also have more intense hunting of seed-dispersing animals. We studied whether such hunting, by limiting disperser activity, could cause quantitative dispersal limitation, especially for large crops and for crops in years of high seed abundance. In each of four Carapa procera (Meliaceae) populations in French Guiana and Surinam, two with hunting and two without, we compared seed fate for individual trees varying in crop size in years of high and low population-level seed abundance. Carapa seeds are a nontimber forest product and depend on dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents for survival and seedling establishment. Hunting negatively affected the proportion of seeds dispersed and caused greater numbers of seeds to germinate or be infested by moths below parent trees, where they would likely die. Hunting of seed-dispersing animals disproportionally affected large seed crops, but we found no additional effect of population-level seed abundance on dispersal rates. Consistently lower rates of seed dispersal, especially for large seed crops, may translate to lower levels of seedling recruitment under hunting. Our results therefore suggest that the subsistence hunting that usually accompanies seed collection is at the cost of seed dispersal and may contribute to recruitment failure of these nontimber forest products. Seed extraction from natural populations may affect seedling recruitment less if accompanied by measures adequately incorporating and protecting seed dispersers.     

Fractionation of Cu, Pb and Zn in certified reference soils SRM 2710 and SRM 2711 using the optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure

Sequential extraction of metals from solid media is a common analytical tool used in environmental and exploration geochemistry. A number of procedures exist, but without harmonization and standardization, meaningful comparisons are tenuous without baseline data. A newly developed, standardized sequential extraction procedure (optimized BCR) was applied to two contaminated certified reference soils from Montana, US (SRM 2710 and SRM 2711) for Cu, Pb and Zn. Four operationally defined fractions were isolated, acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual (by aqua regia). Fraction-specific concentrations, percentages and recoveries for Cu, Pb and Zn were used to explore differences between the optimized BCR procedure and three other sequential extraction schemes with published data for SRM 2710 and 2711 (i.e. Tessier scheme, Geological Survey of Canada scheme and the original BCR scheme). Results indicate significant differences between the four schemes, even for schemes that are closely associated (i.e. the original and optimized BCR schemes). Order-of-magnitude fraction-specific concentration differences were observed, especially for Pb in the reducible fraction. Differences between schemes are worrisome because trends varied between metals, between fractions and between reference soils. These data reinforce the need for increased adoption of standardized sequential extraction procedures and further examination of different solid media.     

污水处理的新技术与新发展

介绍我国对水污染控制认识的发展和深化，阐述了污水生物处理方面的研究和新进展，包括在微生物方面的研究和新反应器、新工艺的发展。同时，讨论了新型、高效化学混凝剂和絮凝剂的开发成功，使化学法用于城市污水的处理成为可能。并提出任何一种新的处理工艺和反应器都各有其优缺点和适用条件，不能认为某一种就是最好，最先进的，可以无条件适用各种情况的。     

煤飞灰中铬铁元素的形态分析研究

用连续提取法将煤飞灰中的铬、铁元素依结合态区分为水溶态,交换态,表面氧化物和碳酸结合态,铁锰氧化物结合态,金属有机物和硫化物结合态,磁性四氧化三铁结合态和硅铝酸盐矿物态,用原子吸收法及X-衍射分析进行测定。并对煤飞灰化学形态分布进行了讨论。     

Occurence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ankara Precipitation

Urban atmospheric environment contains many trace organic pollutants that are related to the incomplete fuel combustion in domestic heating, industrial plants and automobile traffic. Removal of these pollutants from the atmosphere takes place through wet and dry deposition as well as chemical transformations. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wet deposition samples were determined at an urban site of Turkey. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected using Andersen Rain Sampler. The sampler was modified accordingly for the collection of organic pollutants. Collected samples were preconcentrated by using solid phase extraction (SPE) disks and consecutively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the 13 compounds quantified in this study, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found more frequently and at elevated concentrations (202, 271 and 260 ng L^-1 mean concentrations, respectively).Concentrations of PAHs were found to be high in winter period.     

火龙果果皮色素的提取及稳定性研究

研究了火龙果果皮色素提取的最佳条件、提取液的稳定性和各种添加剂对提取液稳定性的影响。     

地表水环境遥感监测关键技术与系统

介绍了地表水环境遥感监测的关键技术与系统及其典型应用,其代表性机理模型和应用示范成果主要来自于中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所的高光谱遥感团队在最近几年中取得的一些研究进展,主要包括建立了基于改进双峰法的水体分布自动化遥感提取方法,实现了简单、高效和高精度的水体提取;提出了大型湖泊长时序水量估算方法,并以青藏高原湖区为例,重建了典型湖泊面积、水位和水量序列;发展了基于“软分类”的典型内陆水体叶绿素a浓度反演方法,构建了基于生物光学模型的高度浑浊水体悬浮物浓度遥感反演半解析方法,提高了反演方法的区域和季节适用性;构建了基于水色指数的大范围湖库营养状态和透明度遥感监测方法,实现了全球大型湖库营养状态遥感监测,以及全国大型湖库透明度遥感监测;在此基础上,开发了地表水环境遥感监测系统,提高了水环境遥感监测效率,促进了卫星遥感在水环境监测中的高精度业务化应用。     

顺序注射平台-分光光度法测定水中总磷

参照希思迪在线总磷分析仪和荷兰Skalar在线过程分析仪测定水中总磷的方法,对顺序注射平台分析技术进行改进,从而建立了钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中正磷酸盐的快速分析方法,该方法集微功耗、微量试剂消耗于一体。注射平台具有模块化、投入式探头等结构特征,仪器包含3个检测量程,适用于环境监测等领域的实时在线分析。实验选择磷酸蓝的测定吸收波长为880 nm,当总磷质量浓度为0.10~2.00 mg/L时,浓度与吸光度呈线性关系,线性回归方程y=0.970 3x-0.025 3,相关系数为0.999 5,方法的检出限为1.36×10-2mg/L。     

郑州市民运会期间大气PM2.5改善效果评估

利用2019年8月5日至9月30日大气污染物和颗粒物组分在线数据,评估郑州市少数民族运动会空气质量管控效果.根据政府管控措施的实施时间,将研究时期分为管控前(8月5～24日)、管控中(8月25日至9月18日)和解除管控后(9月19～30日).相较管控前,管控中PM_2.5平均浓度增加2.3μg·m^-3,解除管控后PM_2.5的浓度增加了11.7μg·m^-3,解除管控后PM_2.5浓度增幅高于管控中,表明管控措施对颗粒物有显著的减排效果.从颗粒物组分来看,研究期间郑州市主要组分依次是有机物、硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根和地壳元素.相比于管控前,管控期间PM_2.5组分中有机物和硝酸根占比分别上升3.9%和0.9%,硫酸根、铵根和地壳元素的占比下降了1.1%、 1.9%和2.2%.利用正定矩阵因子分解法解析颗粒物来源,结果表明二次硫酸、二次硝酸、二次有机气溶胶、机动车源、工艺过程源、扬尘和燃煤是PM_2.5主要来源.管控对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著...     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基苯类有机污染物的方法研究

建立了固相萃取、毛细柱气相色谱-电子捕获检测器定量分析水中硝基苯类化合物的分析方法。通过对固相萃取柱的选择、固相萃取条件(样品溶液的pH值、上样速度、上样体积、洗脱液选择及配比)的优化,得出了最佳实验条件。穿透体积可达1.5L,回收率在80%~105%,最小检出浓度在0.00037~0.072μg/L之间,均大大低于GB13194-91的规定。相对标准偏差在0.7%~5.3%之间。该方法准确、简单,重现性好、回收率高,污染小。