Immunotoxicity of bisphenol a to Carassius auratus Lymphocytes and macrophages following in vitro exposure

Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.     

Alterations in the rabbit lymphoid tissue after bendiocarb administration

Various pesticides have immuno-suppressive effects, and thus the organisms become responsive to viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases and neoplasm. The aim of the study was to observe the structure of the small intestine (height of enterocytes and crypts), mucosal lymphoid tissue (Payer's patches, lymphocytes in lamina propria) and a lymph node after administration of bendiocarb (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-methylcarbamate) on days 3, 10, 20, 30 and 60 of the experiment. The height of the observed enterocytes showed an increasing tendency. On days 20, 30 and 60 we also observed an increase in diameter of crypts located in intestinal epithelium. The number of cells in lamina propria mucosae was significantly reduced on days 20 and 30 after administration of bendiocarb. Observations of the lymph node showed that on days 10 and 20 there was a significant increase in relative volume of medulla at the expense of the relative volume of the cortex and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. However, we recorded an increase in diameter of lymphocytes. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) belongs to the most common pathogenic parasites in the world and it can cause serious health complications in pregnant and immunodeficient individuals. DNA isolation, standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and visualization in a 2.5 % agarose gel, the presence of DNA T. gondii was detected in no examined rabbit brain samples. Using real time PCR T. gondii DNA was detected and quantified in the three rabbit brain samples (10 %).     

Toxicological characterization of the landfill leachate prior/after chemical and electrochemical treatment: A study on human and plant cells

In this research, toxicological safety of two newly developed methods for the treatment of landfill leachate from the Piškornica (Croatia) sanitary landfill was investigated. Chemical treatment procedure combined chemical precipitation with CaO followed by coagulation with ferric chloride and final adsorption by clinoptilolite. Electrochemical treatment approach included pretreatment with ozone followed by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation and final polishing by microwave irradiation. Cell viability of untreated/treated landfill leachate was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxic effect of the original leachate was obtained for both exposure periods (4 and 24 h) while treated samples showed no cytotoxic effect even after prolonged exposure time. The potential DNA damage of the untreated/treated landfill leachate was evaluated by the comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay using either human or plant cells. The original leachate exhibited significantly higher comet assay parameters compared to negative control after 24 h exposure. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between negative control and chemically/electrochemically treated leachate for any of the parameters tested. There was also no significant increase in either CBMN assay parameter compared to the negative control following the exposure of the lymphocytes to the chemically or electrochemically treated landfill leachate for both exposure periods while the original sample showed significantly higher number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds for both exposure times. Results suggest that both methods are suitable for the treatment of such complex waste effluent due to high removal efficiency of all measured parameters and toxicological safety of the treated effluent.     

二噁英对免疫系统影响的研究进展

二噁英是持久性有机污染物的一种,它对人体健康的影响是多方面的,包括引起氯痤疮、诱发肿瘤、导致畸形、内分泌干扰、免疫毒性和肝毒性等等.本文着重总结了在二噁英对免疫系统的影响方面最近的研究进展.研究表明,二噁英可以从多方面干扰免疫系统的功能,它可以影响机体的体液和细胞免疫、超敏反应、自身免疫以及影响免疫细胞本身的活性,同时...     

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英与Aroclor 1254单独与联合作用对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤效应(Damage Effects of Individual and Combined Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Aroclor 1254 on DNA in Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte of Rats)

为探讨2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英(TCDD)和多氯联苯(Aroclor 1254)联合染毒对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤效应,将20只雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机均分为4组,即对照组(橄榄油)、Aroclor 1254单独染毒组(10mg·kg-1)、TCDD单独染毒组(10μg·kg-1)和联合染毒组(TCDD 10μg·kg-1+Aroclor 1254 10 mg·kg-1).大鼠每天灌胃染毒1次,连续染毒6d.染毒过程中记录大鼠的体征和体重.末次染毒后24h取外周血,分离淋巴细胞,采用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星试验)检测外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤,并采用CASP软件分析各组彗星的尾部DNA百分含量(Tail DNA%)、尾长(Tail Length)和尾矩(Tail Moment).结果表明,染毒结束时TCDD单独染毒和联合染毒组大鼠体重显著低于对照组,且联合染毒组表现更为明显.TCDD单独染毒组和联合染毒组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA可见明显损伤,TailDNA%、Tail Length和Tail Moment均显著高于对照组(p<0.05),且联合染毒组大鼠细胞DNA损伤更为严重,但Arolor 1254单独染毒组大鼠未见明显DNA损伤.析因分析提示TCDD与Aroclor 1254对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的联合毒性效应为协同作用.本研究结果表明TCDD与Aroclor 1254联合染毒可加重大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤,在对PCBs与二噁英的混合暴露进行危险性评估时要注意这种联合毒性作用.     

铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞的免疫毒性

以鸡脾脏淋巴细胞为试验对象,通过短期体外培养的方法研究了铝暴露对鸡免疫细胞的毒性作用.将不同浓度的AlCl3添加到培养液中(终浓度分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8mg·mL-1),对鸡脾淋巴细胞原代培养24h,检测培养液上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,淋巴细胞增殖、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量.结果表明,与对照组相比,各暴露组培养液上清中LDH活性均显著升高(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,LDH活性逐渐升高,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝暴露能够破坏鸡脾淋巴细胞膜,导致细胞活性下降;与对照组相比,各暴露组淋巴细胞增殖能力、培养液上清中IL-2和TNF-α含量均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,3者均逐渐降低,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞具有一定的免疫毒性作用。     

镉对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞钙稳态的影响

为了探讨钙稳态在镉对禽类免疫抑制中的作用,以终浓度为10 pμmol·L-1的CdCI:对急性分离的鸡脾淋巴细胞进行染毒,分别在培养12、24、36、48 h和72 h时收集细胞,采用Eura-2/AM荧光标记、半定量RT-PCR和酶试剂盒比色的方法分别研究了细胞内游离钙离子浓度、CaMmRNA的表达以及钙泵的活性.结果表明,随着镉作用时间的延长,淋巴细胞内游离钙离子浓度不断升高.CaM mRNA表达水平和钙泵活性不断下降,试验组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05或P<0.01),提示镉可使淋巴细胞内钙稳态失调而发挥免疫毒性作用.     

Abnormal immunological development in fetuses with trisomy 18

Flow cytometry was used to enumerate the lymphocyte subpopulations in fetal blood obtained by cordocentesis from eight trisomy 18 fetuses at 20–36 weeks' gestation. Compared with values in chromosomally normal fetuses, in trisomy 18 the mean T- and natural killer (NK) cell counts were significantly lower (t= − 7·63, P<0·001 and t= − 3·58, P<0·01, respectively); the mean B-cell count was not significantly different (t= − 1·32). These findings demonstrate that in trisomy 18 there is abnormal intrauterine development of the immune system.     

取代苯酚对人体外周血淋巴细胞的遗传毒性及定量结构关系

应用人体外周血淋巴细胞微核试验测定了29种取代苯酚类化合物的遗传毒性(72h-lgMN20),并对此类化合物的遗传毒性大小进行了分析比较,同时构建了遗传毒性与分子结构参数之间的QSAR 模型.结果表明,29种取代苯酚类化合物都显著地导致了微核的产生,具有明显的遗传毒性;遗传毒性大小与取代官能团及官能团位置存在一定的规律;遗传毒性的大小与分子结构参数溶剂连接性指数(X2SOL)、自由基信息参数(ICR)、零阶平均分子连接性指数(X0A)及修正指数(LOP)之间存在良好的结构-活性相关关系,所建模型的相关系数r2= 0.816,可以用于定量评估其它取代苯酚类化合物的遗传毒性.