Relationships between volatile organic compounds with an emphasis on terpene compounds and genetic matrix in inoculated and non-inoculated winter wheat cultivars

In the present study, we focus on the analysis of the volatile organic compound (VOC) contents in the grain of a representative set of winter wheat cultivars grown in Central Europe. The cultivars were grown in control conditions or were inoculated with the fungus Fusarium culmorum. In the analysed samples, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, aromatics, terpenes and others were found. Among them, results for terpenes seem particularly important. The discriminant analysis allowed complete separation of the quality groups of wheat based on VOCs. Simultaneously, a genetic matrix was created based on the genetic distance between the wheat cultivars and the Mantel test was used to compare it with the VOC matrix. The analysis revealed relationships between the genetic matrix and the overall VOCs, as well as terpenes. The obtained results indicate a significant relationship between microorganisms that exist in the environment, genetic features of plants and VOCs formed in the grain.     

The antifungal activity of the leaf gland volatile oil of sweet gale (Myrica gale) (Myricaceae)

Summary The antifungal activity of volatile oil obtained from the leaves of sweet gale (Myrica gale) has been investigated. Fungi, isolated from the leaves ofM. gale, were grown in liquid medium containing the oil and its effect on biomass production was gauged. The oil inhibited growth of all species of fungi to greater or lesser extent. Sesquiterpenes were more active than monoterpenes, and among the sesquiterpenes germacrone was marginally more active than -elemenone. These results support the proposition that the volatile oil ofM. gale has a role in resistance to fungal pathogens.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (leguminosae)

Seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum were subjected to steam distillation to obtain a light yellow essential oil in a yield of 3 ml/kg of seeds. The major components of the oil were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were furfural, limonene, linalool, estragole, carvone, and apiole with carvone representing more than 50% of the total composition. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were determined against four species of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and two gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia Marcescencs). The essential oil inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria but was most effective against the gram positive bacteria. Chemicals that are responsible for the antibacterial effect of the essential oil were determined using the bio-autography thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. The active compounds responsible for the activity were found to be carvone and estragole.     

食品垃圾好氧降解过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了混合食品垃圾(FW)及以橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿为代表的4种植物性易降解有机垃圾组分好氧降解过程中排放出来的117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量和组成特征.结果表明,混合食品垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs总排放量为951.80mg·kg-1,主要为有机硫、含氧化合物和萜烯,分别占VOCs总排放量的43.1%、53.3%和2.1%.橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs的总排放量分别为12736.72、118.67、57.40和228.08mg·kg-1,主要成分均为含氧化合物和萜烯;含氧化合物分别占橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的13.5%、80.9%、85.9%和79.5%,萜烯分别占4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的86.5%、16.6%、8.2%和15.6%.     

Chemical defense of a rare mint plant

Summary Analyses of leaf extracts ofDicerandra frutescens, a highly aromatic mint plant from central Florida listed as an endangered species, revealed presence of 12 closely related monoterpenes. The principal of these, (+)—trans-pulegol, is a new natural product, the synthesis of which is described. The terpenes are produced in glandular capsules that release their contents upon injury of the leaf. Data from bioassays with ants and cockroaches indicate that the terpenes serve for defense against insects.Dicerandra does, however, have a leaf-eating enemy, the caterpillar of a pyralid moth,Pyrausta panopealis. The discovery of a new natural product from an endangered species raises questions about the chemical implications of species extinction.     

珠江三角洲地区天然源碳氢化合物的研究

使用封闭式采样法分析测定了珠江三角洲地区主要优势树种天然碳氢化合物的排放速率,用源调查法推算出该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放通量,测定树种包括马尾松、湿地松、黎蒴、尾叶桉、南洋楹、大叶相思、荷木.经分析,所测树木排放的碳氢化合物主要有萜烯类和异戊二烯,其中鉴定出的萜烯有a-蒎烯,b-蒎烯,蒈烯,莰烯,桧烯,柠檬烯,罗勒烯等.同时,按9km9km的网格精度估算了珠江三角洲地区森林面积分布数据,根据测定的排放因子以及其他相关资料,首次对该地区天然源碳氢化合物的排放量进行了估算,计算出全年森林向大气中释放碳氢化合物19.610⁴t,占该地区大气中碳氢化合物排放总量的57%.     

二次有机气溶胶的形成及其毒理效应

有机物是大气气溶胶中非常重要的化学组分,对我国空气污染及灰霾事件发生具有显著的贡献,是当前大气化学研究的最前沿课题之一。有机气溶胶中包含大量有毒物质(如多环芳香烃、多氯联苯及有机胺类等),直接危害人体健康。目前气溶胶中有机组分的体内/体外生物毒性研究多集中于污染源直接排放的一次颗粒物,对于大气中二次有机气溶胶的形成和毒性效应的关注很少。本文以多环芳烃、有机胺及自然源萜烯类挥发性有机物为例,简要综述了大气中二次有机气溶胶的形成及其生物毒性效应,重点关注这些二次有机气溶胶的形成对母体有机组分生物毒性的增强作用,以增进对大气气溶胶污染的健康危害认识。