Stability of a Coal Waste Artificial Reef

The feasibility of using U.K. coal-fired power station waste materials for artificial reef production is being examined. in June, 1989, an experimental artificial reef was constructed in Poole Bay, off the central south coast of the U.K., using three different mixtures of pulverised fuel ash (PFA), flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) gypsum and slurry, stabilized with cement and formed into blocks. Fifty tonnes of 40 × 20 × 20 cm blocks were formed into eight conical reef units replicating three different PFA/gypsum mixtures and one concrete control. the reef structure is 10m below chart datum on a flat sandy sea-bed.

Combustion of coal concentrates the heavy metal content in the resultant ash. the purpose of stabilization of the ash as blocks is twofold: to immobilize heavy metals (or other components) and to provide hard substratum for the attachment of organisms. to examine the effectiveness of this stabilization and hence the environmental compatibility of the block materials, heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn) content of the blocks has been monitored routinely over two years, to determine leaching rates. Sectional profiles indicate partial replacement of calcium content by magnesium. Associated with this there has also been some redistribution of heavy metals. Only in the case of cadmium has there been a detectable loss from the surface of blocks. Chromium and manganese concentrations appear to have increased. the metal content of the reef epibiota (including ascidians, Ascidia mentula; hydroids, Halecium spp.; bryozoans, Bugula spp. and red algae) growing on the ash blocks has been compared to that of epibiota attached to the concrete controls and surrounding sea-bed. to date no evidence of excess bioaccumulation of metals has been detected.

The physical integrity of the ash reef blocks has been maintained. There is evidence that the blocks are increasing in compressive strength.

An indication of the fishery enhancement potential of the experimental structure is given by the presence of eight commercially fished species (crustaceans and molluscs) including lobsters (Homarus gammarus).     

2013 — 2016年西安市臭氧时空变化特性与影响因素

臭氧污染主要是由前体物氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOC）的过量排放引起的,通过NO_x/?SO₂的比值可得知西安地区已经受到了光化学烟雾型污染的影响,大气中臭氧含量与NO_x的含量相关性较高;西安13个站点的8小时平均浓度分布变化大体可分为单峰变化和持续递减类型,浓度主要集中在0?—?90 μg???m^?3,不同站点臭氧含量相差较大;2013?—?2016年,高新西区臭氧超标天数最多,为146天,是超标天数最少的兴庆小区的2倍多。高浓度臭氧主要出现在高温度、低湿度、实时风向为东南风或南风的天气。此外,治理臭氧污染必须限制机动车尾气排放,同时研究表明来自秦岭的植物VOC对于西安臭氧浓度影响很大。     

厌氧系统中酵母浸出物提高Co、Fe生物有效性的研究

采用半连续实验,研究中、低温条件下酵母浸出物对厌氧系统中Co、Fe溶解性能和生物有效性的改善作用.结果表明,酵母浸出物对提高纯水中和投加不同有机基质的水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度有明显效果,能显著提高低温下厌氧系统中Co、Fe的生物有效性.在15℃和35℃下,投加酵母浸出物后,水中溶解态Co、Fe浓度均有上升,其中Fe浓度升高明显.啤酒废水等含有酵母浸出物的废水对这种提升作用也有帮助.在15℃厌氧系统中移除酵母浸出物、Co、Fe之后,COD去除率由91.6%下降到58%;重新投加Co、Fe后效果有所回升,其中同时添加酵母浸出物的系统,其COD去除率回升明显,升幅达31.6%,产甲烷速率也呈上升趋势,证实了同时投加酵母浸出物和Co、Fe可有效促进低温下厌氧生物系统的处理效能.     

我国东部冲积平原区水成土壤元素背景值地域分异规律

从气候条件、母质物质组成的差异以及河流上下游物质之间的联系等角度，讨论了我国东部冲积平原区土壤中１３种元素的地理分布趋势及影响因素。研究表明，大多数元素具有明显的南北向地域分布趋势，这种趋势是地带性和非地带性因素共同决定的，而以非地带因素更重要。此外，东部平原土壤与相应主要河流上游侵蚀区土壤微量元素含量具有很好的共轭关系。     

基于在线观测的太原市冬季PM2.5中金属元素污染水平及来源解析

为更好地识别太原市PM_2.5的来源,于2022年1月采用在线多金属监测仪对太原市区PM_2.5中13种金属元素(K、Ca、Ba、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Se、Pb和Sr)小时浓度进行了监测,分析了其污染特征,采用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析了其来源.结果表明,13种金属元素浓度之和均值为(3 901.6±2 611.2)ng·m^-3,在PM_2.5中平均占比为(7.1±7.7)%.Fe、Ca和K是3种主要的金属元素,浓度平均值分别为(1 319.5±1 003.5)、(1 181.0±1 241.6)和(883.3±357.3)ng·m^-3.ρ[Cr(Ⅵ)](4.6ng·m^-3)和ρ(As)(11.2 ng·m^-3)平均值高于国家环境空气质量(GB 3095-2012)和世界卫生组织的标准值.PMF源解析结果显示：扬尘、机动车排放、不锈钢制造、生物质燃烧与垃圾焚烧、散煤燃烧和工业燃煤是PM_2.5     

广州市臭氧污染溯源:基于拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型的案例分析

分析了2018年10月初广州市一次为期6d的臭氧污染事件,利用拉格朗日光化学轨迹模型对广州市的臭氧污染进行了溯源分析,量化了不同区域对臭氧污染的贡献,评估了重点排放区域不同行业和不同前体物减排对臭氧污染控制的效果.结果 表明,本次污染事件期间,日最大8h臭氧均值均超过160 μg·m-3,最高达271 μg·m-3,氮...     

Geochemical distribution,bioavailability and potential toxicity of some trace metals in a complex micro-tidal estuary,Southwest India

The spatial and temporal variations of some trace metals in the surface sediments of Cochin Estuary were analyzed along with their geochemical associations to identify the possible sources, bioavailability and the health risks posed by them. The dominance of kaolinite and suggested that clay minerals distribution is influenced by sediment sorting. Total metal analysis revealed enrichment for Cd, Pb and Zn due to anthropogenic activities. The speciation analysis established that notwithstanding the large availability, carbonate as well as organic and sulfides bound fractions showed negligible associations with most of the metals. Hydrous Fe–Mn oxides appeared to play a major role in controlling the fate and transport of these metals in the sediments of Cochin Estuary. Lower contribution of the residual fractions for Cd (21%–26%), Pb (<60%) and Zn (24%–42%) indicated an obvious increase of other geochemical fractions. Risk assessment analysis revealed that regardless of total concentration, none of the analyzed metals were at safe levels in the estuary as appreciable percentages were found to be associated with mobile geochemical forms. The speciation study conspicuously established that the metals originating from non-geogenic sources are largely associated with the labile fractions and hence are more detrimental to the aquatic biota.     

微量金属元素及其配合物对厨余垃圾甲烷发酵的影响

生物可利用的微量金属元素不仅能够保证污染物以最大的速率转化,而且还可以使某些特殊的转化得以发生,并提高微生物对有毒污染物质的耐受能力。在研究厨余垃圾总固体浓度(total solid, TS)、接种量和C/N比对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵影响的基础上,重点探讨微量金属元素钴及其配合物丝氨酸对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵甲烷产量及关键酶含量的影响。结果表明,当TS为0.5%、接种污泥量为100 mL/L和C/N比为20∶1时,厨余垃圾厌氧发酵的甲烷产率较高,为367 mL/g COD;添加2 μmol/L的微量金属元素钴-配合物丝氨酸时,甲烷产率则提高到432 mL/g COD,相应地,辅酶M的含量由空白实验的41.21 μmol/g VSS提高到54.64 μmol/g VSS,辅酶F₄₂₀的含量由0.31 μmol/g VSS提高到0.48 μmol/g VSS。     

Environmental assessment of garden waste management in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark

An environmental assessment of six scenarios for handling of garden waste in the Municipality of Aarhus (Denmark) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE. In the first (baseline) scenario, the current garden waste management system based on windrow composting was assessed, while in the other five scenarios alternative solutions including incineration and home composting of fractions of the garden waste were evaluated. The environmental profile (normalised to Person Equivalent, PE) of the current garden waste management in Aarhus is in the order of −6 to 8 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the non-toxic categories and up to 100 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. The potential impacts on non-toxic categories are much smaller than what is found for other fractions of municipal solid waste. Incineration (up to 35% of the garden waste) and home composting (up to 18% of the garden waste) seem from an environmental point of view suitable for diverting waste away from the composting facility in order to increase its capacity. In particular the incineration of woody parts of the garden waste improved the environmental profile of the garden waste management significantly.     

Formation of dioxins from combustion of polyvinylidene chloride in a well-controlled incinerator

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC; polymer of 1,1-dichloroethylene) was combusted with paper in a well-controlled, small-scale incinerator at an average grate temperature of 700 °C, and then dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gases were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PVDC lowered the combustion temperature due to its less flammable character. The amount of total dioxins (PCDDs + PCDFs + coplanar-PCBs) formed in the exhaust gas was 58.0 ng/g of a combustion sample and its toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) value was 0.64 ng-TEQ/g. The amount of PCDDs formed in the sample ranged from 2.33 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer) to 0.048 ng/g (Cl₁-isomer). The lower the number of chloride, the less production of PCDDs. On the other hand, there was no relation between the number of chloride and PCDF formation. The amount of PCDFs formed in the sample ranged from 8.02 ng/g (Cl₂-isomer) to 4.46 ng/g (Cl₈-isomer). A polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample produced 207 ng/g of total dioxins and a PVDC sample produced 57.4 ng/g of total dioxins when they were combusted under the same conditions. An approximately equal composition of dioxin isomers was formed from PVDC and PVC samples. Paper was found to contribute to PCDF formation when it was combusted with plastics.