Air Temperature Changes in a Steppe Marmot Burrow in the Summer–Autumn Period

Observations of air temperature changes in a steppe marmot burrow were performed from late July to mid-October. Until early September, temperature in the burrow remained relatively constant, but then it began to decrease rapidly. This occurred after air temperature above the ground became equal to the temperature in the burrow. Supposedly, it is in this particular period that marmots begin to plug the entrance to the burrow with earth, thus reducing heat exchange between the increasingly cold aboveground air and the air in the burrow.     

Paleosols of the Solonchanka IX site and climate of the Transural steppe zone in the fourth century AD

Studies on paleosols under an archaeological landmark of a rare type (a complex of kurgans with “whiskers”) dating from the Early Iron Age (the fourth century AD) have been performed in the steppe zone of the Transural Plateau. The size and shape of third-order soil polygons under stony ridges (“whiskers”) between the kurgans have been described in detail. The results have shown that the paleosol under the kurgans erected at the turn of the Late Sarmatian and Hun times (1600 years ago) is characterized by a higher humus content and deeper location of the carbonate horizon, compared to the recent soil. This indicates that an increase in atmospheric humidity took place in the fourth century AD.     

典型焊接结构CAD专家系统的研究与应用

论述了典型焊接结构CAD专家系统的内涵、设计思想和设计方法过程以及应用前景。     

杭州市典型企业废水中挥发性有机物排放特征及其评价

以10家杭州市典型企业进出口废水为调查对象,用顶空气相色谱质谱法测定77种挥发性有机物(VOCs),分析其排放特征,并对监测结果进行评价.结果表明,进口废水共定量检出22种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为7~3.39×106μg·L-1;出口废水共定量检出14种VOCs,检出质量浓度范围为16~6.82×104μg·L-1.就行业而言,香精香料制造企业进出口废水VOCs检出的质量浓度最高.以《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准为评价标准时,1号企业出口废水检出甲苯质量浓度为2.45×103μg·L-1,超过标准限值.以挥发性有机物的水介质排放环境目标值(DMEG WH)为标准时,3号企业出口废水检出的正丁醇、异丙醇、丙酮质量浓度均超过它们各自的水介质排放环境目标值.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.     

内蒙古羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸区分的研究

利用根生物量回归法对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原根呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸进行了区分.结果表明,根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在13%~52%之间,平均为(24±3)%;土壤微生物呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在48%~87%之间,平均为(76±3)%.土壤呼吸与根生物量的线性相关性不稳定.根呼吸活力与根冠比具有负指数相关关系(R2=0.661,P=0.20),与0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土壤含水量均有极显著的正指数相关关系(P<0.000 1).根呼吸与根呼吸活力具有极显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.848,P=0.01),根呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献量与根呼吸活力具有显著的指数相关关系(R2=0.818,P=0.01).     

温带典型草原土壤总有机碳及溶解性有机碳对模拟氮沉降的响应

2008年5月～2011年10月,以内蒙古温带典型草原为研究对象,利用小区模拟控制试验,设置对照[0 g·(m2·a)-1]、低氮[5 g·(m2·a)-1]、中氮[10 g·(m2·a)-1]、高氮[20 g·(m2·a)-1]这4个净氮输入量处理,模拟研究了大气氮沉降水平变化对土壤总有机碳(TOC)以及溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量、年际变化及其垂直分布格局的影响,并分析了两者之间的关系.结果表明,除个别年份外,土壤TOC与DOC含量均随土壤深度增加而递减,4 a的连续施氮并未改变土壤TOC与DOC的垂直分布规律,但施氮降低了土壤TOC的垂直变异,增加了土壤DOC的垂直变异;施氮4 a对于草地表层0～20 cm土壤TOC与DOC含量的变化并未表现出显著影响(P>0.05).不同氮输入水平处理0～20 cm土层有机碳密度在3.9～5.6 kg·m-2之间变动,试验前两年不同氮处理0～20 cm土壤有机碳密度均低于对照或与对照接近,试验后两年,施氮对土壤总有机碳密度逐渐呈现出一定的促进作用,但与对照的差异仍不显著(P>0.05);不同处理0～20 cm土层DOC/TOC约为0.32%～1.09%,氮输入增加普遍降低了DOC在整个TOC中所占的比例;草地土壤TOC与DOC的变化呈显著正相关(P<0.01).不同处理草地土壤DOC随时间的变异均远大于TOC,与TOC相比,草地土壤DOC的变化更为迅速,是研究草地土壤碳库对氮沉降变化响应的重要敏感性指标.     

南京企业雨排和清下水排口排放现状及对策研究

对南京典型工业企业雨排及清下水排口水质排放情况进行监测分析,摸清排放现状,分析成因.并提出对策和建议,要求环境管理部门加强对工业企业雨污分流的监管,各地方可以根据实际情况制定相应的地方标准.以南京为例,加大对工业企业雨排和清下水排口的监测管理力度,把工业企业雨排和清下水排口纳入正常的监测计划,对出现超标以及雨排或清下水排口排放量超过40吨/天的工业企业应安装污染源在线监控系统.最终倒逼企业加强环境管理,减少对外环境的影响.     

江汉平原典型土壤环境中有机磷农药的分布特征及影响因素

为了研究江汉平原土壤中有机磷农药（OPPs）的分布特征,项目组于2015年9月在地下水监测场所在区域,采集了78个剖面土和7个表层土土样,通过气相色谱-氮磷检测器（GC-NPD）分析OPPs的含量,研究江汉平原土壤中OPPs的分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤普遍存在OPPs,其中地表土中OPPs的含量范围为89.80~193.85 ng·g^-1,平均值为140.05 ng·g^-1;剖面土中OPPs的整体含量范围为19.81~138.28 ng·g^-1,平均值为40.99 ng·g^-1.地表土和剖面土中OPPs主要检出成分均为甲胺磷、氧化乐果、二嗪农和喹硫磷等,并且根据美国土壤农药残留限量标准,研究区土壤中10种OPPs的残留量已对农产品的安全构成威胁.研究区剖面土中∑OPPs分布为：水平方向,沿河农田剖面土 > 沿河非农田剖面土 > 中部农田剖面土,即：GS1-1 > GS4 > GS2 > GS3;垂直方向,大部分剖面土随着深度的增加整体上呈先减小后增大的趋势;研究区土壤中OPPs的分布受多种因素的影响：农业生产过程中施用OPPs的量、土壤对OPPs的吸附、解吸附作用、地下水的垂直运动、研究区的地形环境、土壤有机质的含量等.