生态工程组合工艺应用于城市污水处理厂尾水深度处理

针对城市污水处理厂尾水的特点,采用生态氧化池／垂直流人工湿地／自然湿地生态工程组合工艺对其进行深度处理,重点分析了运行效果和去除机理。数据结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,系统出水COD,BOD5,NH3-N和TP平均分别为14．4,3．4,0．84,0．19mg／L,平均去除率均在65％以上,出水水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅳ类标准。     

九龙江流域氮的源汇时空模式与机理初探

综合运用定位监测、野外试验、模型模拟与GIS技术等手段和方法,定量研究了南亚热带地区九龙江流域和五川小流域氮的大气沉降、河流输送(地表径流)、淋失、反硝化和氨挥发等输入输出(源汇)时空模式与机理.结果表明,九龙江流域氮"源"以化肥与饲料输入为主(占总输入125.6kg·hm-2的86%).氮"汇"以氨挥发和河流输送为主(占总输出72.9kg·hm-2的82%).氮输入后50%以上进入大气和水环境,14.5%通过河流输送至河口与近海.大气氮沉降通量为14.9kg·hm-2,其中干沉降占34%,湿沉降占66%,形成1:2的干湿沉降结构;源于化肥施用与畜禽养殖引起的强烈氨挥发,氮沉降集中在春夏两季(占全年80%),且以铵态氮为主(39%以上).氮的径流输出及河流输送受人为氮输入与水文条件的双重控制,2004年九龙江向厦门海域输送无机氮11.5kg·hm-2,其中90%发生在春夏秋季(同期流量占全年89%);五川小流域总氯径流输出负荷为67.1kg·hm-2,其中85%发生在施肥量大、降雨集中的春夏两季(作物生长期);基流与降雨径流分别贡献25%和75%.总氮淋失负荷为27.5kg·hm-2,占总输入的9%;pH<5的酸性土壤带正电荷导致氮淋失以铵态氮为主(约占40%).九龙江流域反硝化通量为7.7 kg.hm-2,而氮挥发高达42.1kg·hm-2,氨挥发主要来自化肥施用与畜禽养殖(分别贡献50%和39%).减少春夏时期肥料氮的输入(养分管理),有效截留雨季的降雨径流(水文控制)是该流域氮素管理的关键.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析

2013年11月30日至12月9日上海地区出现入冬以来一次最严重的持续性雾霾天气过程,严重影响了该地区人们的生活健康.本文借助空气质量数据、地面气象要素、卫星遥感数据并结合后向轨迹模式反映了此次重污染过程的污染特征及其成因.结果表明,污染期间,PM2.5与PM10小时浓度变化趋势基本一致,高浓度值出现在早晚8时左右,主要是由该时段的逆温现象造成的;来自西北方向污染物的远距离输送影响了本地空气质量状况,气团在不同高度层做下沉运动,造成大气层结稳定;该地区在西北方向的弱高压控制下,地面风速较小,能见度低,天气条件静稳,不利于污染物扩散,造成持续性重污染事件;卫星遥感数据显示此次污染为区域性污染.     

黄土丘陵区坡面水蚀对降雨和下垫面微观格局的响应

黄土高原严重的土壤侵蚀是降雨和复杂脆弱的下垫面共同作用的结果.以微型小区尺度上(1.2 m×1.2 m;2 m×1.2m)模拟降雨技术为基本研究手段,定量刻画了降雨量和降雨强度等基本降雨特征值对定西安家沟自然坡面上荒草、沙棘中位、沙棘下位、沙棘上位、结皮裸地和裸地等不同植株微观格局及其处理下的水蚀过程的影响.主要取得以下结果:①雨强和雨量对水蚀的发生均能产生显著影响,但以雨强的影响力更大;②前期土壤含水量与产流时间显著负相关,而与径流量和侵蚀量显著正相关.前期含水量相同时,不同植株微景观格局对产流时间发挥了关键作用;③不同植株及其微观格局遏制地表径流的能力迥异.在50～60 mm.h-1的大雨强作用下,有沙棘覆盖的小区径流系数仅为5%～8%,荒草地为25%,结皮裸地为45%,而裸地则高达63%;④有沙棘覆盖的小区中,沙棘在小区中所处的具体位置对于水土流失效应又极为重要,以沙棘下位的水土保持效果最好.     

京津冀区域重污染期间PM2.5垂直分布及输送

2016年12月17～19日重污染期间,在天津市武清区高村开展车载系留气球颗粒物浓度垂直观测,并以观测数据为基础,计算了区域内PM_(2.5)传输通量.结果表明重污染过程期间,大气混合层较低,约200 m左右,PM_(2.5)浓度垂直分布特征与混合层高度密切相关,混合层以下,PM_(2.5)浓度较高,垂直变化特征不显著,形成明显的污染层,混合层以上,PM_(2.5)浓度迅速降低并维持在降低水平.观测期间,粒径小于1. 0μm颗粒物浓度较高,粒径大于2. 2μm颗粒物浓度较低,近地层粒径为0. 777μm颗粒物浓度最高.颗粒物浓度粒径谱分布与相对湿度和混合层高度相关,高湿度和低混合层下颗粒物浓度粒径谱分布较宽泛.观测期间,PM_(2.5)在西南方向上的传输通量最高,占总传输通量的63. 3%,其中46～156 m和156～296 m高度之间PM_(2.5)传输通量最高.近地面300 m内PM_(2.5)传输主要以西南方向传输为主,300 m以上传输方向较分散.     

Systematic Temporal Patterns in the Relationship Between Housing Development and Forest Bird Biodiversity

As people encroach increasingly on natural areas, one question is how this affects avian biodiversity. The answer to this is partly scale‐dependent. At broad scales, human populations and biodiversity concentrate in the same areas and are positively associated, but at local scales people and biodiversity are negatively associated with biodiversity. We investigated whether there is also a systematic temporal trend in the relationship between bird biodiversity and housing development. We used linear regression to examine associations between forest bird species richness and housing growth in the conterminous United States over 30 years. Our data sources were the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the 2000 decennial U.S. Census. In the 9 largest forested ecoregions, housing density increased continually over time. Across the conterminous United States, the association between bird species richness and housing density was positive for virtually all guilds except ground nesting birds. We found a systematic trajectory of declining bird species richness as housing increased through time. In more recently developed ecoregions, where housing density was still low, the association with bird species richness was neutral or positive. In ecoregions that were developed earlier and where housing density was highest, the association of housing density with bird species richness for most guilds was negative and grew stronger with advancing decades. We propose that in general the relationship between human settlement and biodiversity over time unfolds as a 2‐phase process. The first phase is apparently innocuous; associations are positive due to coincidence of low‐density housing with high biodiversity. The second phase is highly detrimental to biodiversity, and increases in housing density are associated with biodiversity losses. The long‐term effect on biodiversity depends on the final housing density. This general pattern can help unify our understanding of the relationship of human encroachment and biodiversity response. Patrones Sistemáticos Temporales en la Relación entre Desarrollos Urbanos y la Biodiversidad de Aves de Bosque     

长江中游城市群经济与生态成本空间演化模式分析

综合运用变异系数、泰尔指数及ESDA-GIS多种方法,在充分考虑传统经济影响因子的基础上,尝试引入经济发展生态成本指标,分析长江中游城市群经济综合发展水平与生态成本的空间匹配及演化模式。研究表明:经济综合发展水平高低聚集特征明显,空间极化现象是导致区域经济发展不平衡的主要原因;生态成本空间集聚现象以高高集聚和低低集聚为主,且呈现出高高集聚减少、低低集聚增多的现象,生态成本消耗有所改善;2001~2012年长江中游城市群市域经济综合发展水平与生态成本表现出越来越显著的差异化空间格局,呈现出由低经济综合发展水平-低生态成本过渡到高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本,进而发展到高经济综合发展水平-低生态成本的空间匹配模式的阶段性特征;高经济综合发展水平-高生态成本的经济发展模式仍在大部分城市中存在,经济与生态空间协调发展的潜力仍然很大。     

中国自然保护区可持续管理模式探讨——伦敦自然保护区管理模式借鉴

近年来,世界各地自然保护区迅速发展,如何有效持续地管理这些自然保护区成为一个重要的问题。文章分析了我国自然保护区现有管理模式的特点与存在的问题,简要介绍了伦敦自然保护区的管理模式现状,根据我国的实际情况,笔者认为中国的自然保护区应采用强制式和完全参与合作式相结合的管理模式,并提出了几点管理模式的改革建议。     

中国耕地非农化压力时空格局的演变分析

社会经济和资源禀赋的区域差异导致耕地非农化压力表现出明显的空间异质性。开展耕地非农化压力测算并揭示其时空格局演变,是实现土地资源优化配置的基础。从经济因素、社会因素、产业结构和资源禀赋4个方面构建耕地非农化压力指数评价指标体系,采用熵值法计算各指标权重,继而计算1990~2014年中国31省的耕地非农化压力指数,并在此基础上开展了耕地非农化压力的时空格局分析。结果表明:(1)从空间格局分布来看,中国耕地非农化压力空间分布呈现明显的地理梯度,总体上呈现从东到西依次递减的态势。(2)从时间变化趋势来看,不同地区各省份之间的耕地非农化压力指数变化呈现多元化趋势。东部沿海地区,山东、浙江、江苏的耕地非农化压力指数处于上升阶段,上海、福建的压力指数变化趋势逐渐趋稳,广东的压力指数呈现下降趋势。中部地区,河南、河北、山西、江西的耕地非农化压力指数趋稳,陕西、湖北以及四川、重庆等西南地区省份的压力指数呈上升趋势。西部沿边3省(云南、西藏、新疆)的耕地非农化压力呈现了一致的下降趋势。(3)从时空格局结合来看,耕地非农化压力不同的省份其变化趋势呈现出截然不同的走向。在耕地非农化压力较大的地区,耕地非农化经历了从制度驱动向发展推动的阶段,经济增长的倒"U"型轨迹明显,经济增长与耕地非农化之间的关系逐渐脱钩。在耕地非农化压力居中或较小的地区,产业发展滞后,土地比较收益较低,耕地的社会保障作用、生态作用对耕地非农化的影响较大,从而增加了部分省份的耕地非农化压力。