Soil properties and crop productivity as influenced by flyash incorporation in soil

Field experiments were carried out during 1996–97at Gulawathi, Muthiani and Salarpur Villages, IARI Farm, NewDelhi and NCPP Campus, Dadri to evaluate changes in soilcharacteristics and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),mustard (Brassica juncea L.), lentil (Lence esculentaMoench.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) byvarying amounts of flyash addition (up to 50t ha^-1) in soils atsowing/transplanting time of crops. Flyash addition in areasadjoining NCPP Thermal Power Plant, Dadri, Ghaziabad, U.P.ranged from 5–12 t ha^-1 yr^-1 in 1995–96. Shoot and root growthand yield of test crops at different locations after flyashincorporation resulted in beneficial effects of flyashaddition in most cases. The silt dominant texture of flyashimproved loamy sand to sandy loam textures of the surfacesoils at the farmers' fields. The increased growth in yield ofcrops with flyash incorporation was possibly due tomodifications in soil moisture retention and transmissioncharacteristics, bulk density, physico-chemical characterssuch as pH and EC and organic carbon content. The response offlyash addition in the soil on soil health and cropproductivity needs to be evaluated on long-term sustainableaspects.     

冬小麦霜冻害研究现状与展望

我国冬小麦主产区霜冻害的发生频率近年来有加剧的趋势,在前人研究的基础上,结合目前国内外研究动向,就我国冬小麦霜冻害研究现状、综合防霜技术和未来小麦霜冻害研究的趋势进行了探讨.     

华北平原冬小麦干旱区划初探

干旱是以降水缺少并造成作物减产为特征的。以冬小麦生育期间降水负距平和减产率为指标,对不同发生频率的降水负距平和减产率作了系统分析。确定了不同程度的干旱在区域上的分布特征及其发生频率。研究结果表明,重旱10年一遇,发生面积占73％,重点在豫东北和鲁西南地区;中旱3～4年一遇,发生面积占93％;轻旱2年一遇,发生面积占98％。利用干旱灾害综合指数进行了干旱区划,发现干旱高值区往往是降水负距平最大,同时也是减产率最高的地区。     

禾谷孢囊线虫侵染对小麦根部防御酶的影响

以抗禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae Wollenweber,cereal cyst nematode,CCN)小麦品系‘E-10’和易感材料‘中国春’为材料,通过人工接种禾谷孢囊线虫二龄幼虫,并在接种线虫后测定根部防御酶苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)和脂氧合酶(LOX)活力变化,研究抗感性材料对线虫侵染后防御酶的响应,以了解作物的抗虫机制.结果发现,‘E-10’和‘中国春’防御酶活力变化存在显著差异,‘E-10’在线虫侵染后6 h,LOX酶活增强,在24 h达到最大值,酶活变化比‘中国春’迅速,暗示‘E-10’启动线虫防御反应更为有效直接.此外,发现小麦在接种线虫后会引起邻近未接种植株根部防御酶活力变化.‘E-10’在接种线虫后12 h,其接触组未接种材料根部PAL酶活增加0.9倍,LOX酶活增加1.1倍,并且‘E-10’未接种植株的酶活变化比‘中国春’更迅速,幅度更剧烈.表明可能有某些气态或挥发性物质参与了小麦防御线虫侵染过程,并且这种现象在抗感材料间差异显著.使用茉莉酸甲酯处理‘E-10’和‘中国春’,小麦根部PAL和LOX酶活并未产生与接触接种线虫材料相一致的变化,表明该气态或挥发性物质并非茉莉酸甲酯.     

Behavior and prediction of photochemical degradation of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cyclohexane

The photochemical degradation of 11 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) and the corresponding 5 parent PAHs was examined to simulate the compound’s fate on aerosol surfaces. All the ClPAHs and PAHs decayed according to the first-order reaction rate kinetics. The photolysis rates of ClPAHs varied greatly according to the skeleton of PAHs; the rates of chlorophenanthrenes (ClPhes) and 1-chloropyrene were higher than those of corresponding parent PAHs, whereas chlorofluoranthenes, 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene and 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene were more stable under irradiation compared to respective parent PAH. Considering the photoproducts of ClPhes detected, the oxidation could occur immediately at positions of the highest frontier electron density. Finally, the quantitative structure-property relationship models were developed for direct photolysis half-lives and average quantum yields of the ClPAHs and parent PAHs, in which the significant factors affecting photolysis were E_LUMO+1, total energy and surface area, and E_LUMO, E_LUMO − E_HOMO and total energy, respectively.     

柚园间种作物及施用不同有机肥对土壤与柚果的影响

柚树间种短期经济作物在提高柚园经济效益的同时,还可提高土壤的有机质和N、P、K养分质量分数,改善柚园小区气候,增加有机肥来源。间种物残余体作为绿肥,可显著地提高柚果产量和质量。     

Specific features of seedage in Norway spruce (Picea abies karst.) in the northern Moscow region

Climatic characteristics of the northern Moscow region and the periodicity of seedage in Norway spruce were analyzed retrospectively. The relationship between the intensity of seedage and weather conditions in the period before seedage was revealed.     

Is the growth stimulation by low doses of glyphosate sustained over time?

The herbicide, glyphosate, has been shown to stimulate growth in a range of species when applied at doses of 5-60 g a.e. ha⁻¹, corresponding to realistic spray drift events. This study investigates growth of shoot parameters over time to detect whether the glyphosate induced growth increase was sustained and had a final effect on reproduction. The results showed that an actual biomass growth rate increase took place within the first week after spraying with glyphosate doses <60 g a.e. ha⁻¹. This initial growth boost kept treated plants larger than untreated plants for up to six weeks, but at harvest there was no significant difference between control plants and treated plants. Possible effects of glyphosate hormesis on the competitive ability of spray drift affected plants are discussed.     

黄丝郁金不同采收期的产量和质量研究

目的:研究黄丝郁金不同采收期对产量和质量的影响,以确定适宜的采收时期。方法:设定10月、11月、12月、1月2、月5个不同采收时间,定期采收,测产,测试挥发油和姜黄素含量。结果:10—12月郁金产量有明显增加,12月至次年2月产量无明显差异;10—12月郁金的姜黄素和挥发油含量显著增加,12月至次年2月含量无明显差异。结论:总体看来,黄丝郁金的采收期以12月底为宜。     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.