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141.
International equity in climate change policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bert Metz 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):111-126
Equity discussions in climate change policy focus on mitigation. Climate change impacts, adaptation and decision making are
also important. General equity principles can be related to specific proposals for equitable sharing of mitigation but no
objective preference for any principle exists. Most promising are mixed approaches, that combine various equity principles
in a process oriented setting.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
142.
In recent years growing attention has been paid toward the discharge, presence and potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Using different existing analytical methods several studies have already identified a variety of drugs in waste-, surface- and drinking water. The monitoring of surface waters for drugs is of great importance because drugs are designed to be biological very active substances. A capillary LC/ES-MS-MS method has been developed that enables the sensitive and specific detection of diazepam in water samples up to 0.1 ng/ml (LOD). It requires neither multiple extraction steps, nor the use of large volumes of organic solvent. Applying this assay we have detected diazepam in 'in/effluent samples' collected in Belgium and demonstrated the applicability for water analysis without off-line pre-concentration of the analyte. 相似文献
143.
Diane Van Opstal Jan O. Van Hemel Bert H. J. Eussen Annet Van Der Heide Cardi Van Den Berg Peter A. In't Veld Frans J. Los 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(8):705-711
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 21q11-specific probe (CB21c1) consisting of three non-overlapping cosmids has been applied to interphase amniocytes of pregnancies at increased risk for fetal aneuploidy (N = 78) and to interphase lymphocytes, cultured and uncultured, of patients referred for Down syndrome (N = 19 and 28, respectively). In the uncultured amniocytes, six chromosome aberrations were detected: three cases of trisomy 21, a triploidy, a de novo 46,XX,t(21q21q), and a mosaic 46,XY/47,XY,+dic(21)(q11)/48,XY,+dic(21)(q11), +del(21)(q11). In 15 cultured and 20 uncultured blood samples, FISH correctly diagnosed trisomy 21 (full or mosaic) at the interphase level, which was confirmed in all cases by subsequent karyotyping. Because of specific and strong signals in interphase nuclei, CB21c1 appears to be a useful tool for the rapid detection of chromosome 21 abnormalities. 相似文献
144.
Modeling obsolete computer stock under regional data constraints: An Atlanta case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nancey Green Leigh Matthew J. Realff Ning Ai Steven P. French Catherine L. Ross Bert Bras 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,51(4):847-869
In this paper, we report on our efforts to develop a research framework that can be used to quantify waste flows for different geographical areas in the face of limited waste data availability. We demonstrate this framework in our case study of obsolete computers in the Atlanta metropolitan area. We develop computer obsolescence rates at the national metropolitan level, and couple this data with economic information at the census tract level to generate product inventory estimates (PIE) of the stock of obsolete computers from both business and household sectors in the Atlanta metropolitan area. We seek to improve the accuracy of waste flow estimates for specific geographic areas over those of previous studies, provide an easily replicable and cost effective methodology, highlight the ensuing spatial implications for collection and recycling systems using GIS, and demonstrate the potential economic benefits from diverting electronic wastes within a region. The modeling framework we have developed is intended to be applicable to other regions and to other medium range durable goods discarded by households, businesses, or obtained from buildings. 相似文献
145.
Fabrizio Bert Giacomo Scaioli Maria Rosaria Gualano Stefano Passi Maria Lucia Specchia Chiara Cadeddu Cristina Viglianchino Roberta Siliquini 《Food and environmental virology》2014,6(2):67-74
Noroviruses are recognized as the leading cause of human acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The rate of outbreaks on cruise ships has grown significantly in recent years. Given the potentially harmful consequences of outbreaks for passengers and crewmembers and the subsequently high costs for cruise companies, disease outbreaks on cruise ships represent a serious public health issue. The aim of our study was to systematically review published studies related to Norovirus outbreaks on commercial cruise ships. We searched the PubMed and Scopus scientific databases. We included eligible studies published from January 1990 to July 2013 that were written in English and described infectious episodes involving at least two passengers and/or crewmembers on a commercial cruise ship. As a result, 15 studies and seven reviews met the inclusion criteria, describing a total of 127 outbreaks. The majority of the cases were reported in Europe and the USA, affecting <1 to 74 % of the embarked passengers. In the majority of the studies, stool samples and/or serum specimens from ill passengers were collected and tested for laboratory confirmation. Twelve studies reported that an ad-hoc questionnaire was administered. Fifteen studies investigated the possible source of infection which was contaminated food in the majority of cases. Our findings suggest a strong need for the monitoring and implementation of preventive measures in semi-closed communities, such as cruise ships. It would be advisable to strengthen all relevant initiatives in order to improve the detection of, response to and control of Norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. 相似文献
146.
Hungate BA Johnson DW Dijkstra P Hymus G Stiling P Megonigal JP Pagel AL Moan JL Day F Li J Hinkle CR Drake BG 《Ecology》2006,87(1):26-40
Experimentally increasing atmospheric CO2 often stimulates plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) uptake. Biogeochemical theory predicts that these initial responses will immobilize nitrogen (N) in plant biomass and soil organic matter, causing N availability to plants to decline, and reducing the long-term CO2-stimulation of C storage in N limited ecosystems. While many experiments have examined changes in N cycling in response to elevated CO2, empirical tests of this theoretical prediction are scarce. During seven years of postfire recovery in a scrub oak ecosystem, elevated CO2 initially increased plant N accumulation and plant uptake of tracer 15N, peaking after four years of CO2 enrichment. Between years four and seven, these responses to CO2 declined. Elevated CO2 also increased N and tracer 15N accumulation in the O horizon, and reduced 15N recovery in underlying mineral soil. These responses are consistent with progressive N limitation: the initial CO2 stimulation of plant growth immobilized N in plant biomass and in the O horizon, progressively reducing N availability to plants. Litterfall production (one measure of aboveground primary productivity) increased initially in response to elevated CO2, but the CO2 stimulation declined during years five through seven, concurrent with the accumulation of N in the O horizon and the apparent restriction of plant N availability. Yet, at the level of aboveground plant biomass (estimated by allometry), progressive N limitation was less apparent, initially because of increased N acquisition from soil and later because of reduced N concentration in biomass as N availability declined. Over this seven-year period, elevated CO2 caused a redistribution of N within the ecosystem, from mineral soils, to plants, to surface organic matter. In N limited ecosystems, such changes in N cycling are likely to reduce the response of plant production to elevated CO2. 相似文献
147.
Pazou EY Boko M van Gestel CA Ahissou H Lalèyè P Akpona S van Hattum B Swart K van Straalen NM 《Environment international》2006,32(5):616-623
The Ouémé River is one of the most important rivers in the Republic of Bénin. It is 510 km long and its catchment drains 75% of the country. In this study, organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues were measured in more than 35 sediment samples collected on nine locations along the Ouémé River from upstream to downstream. Except for one location, Tanéka-Koko, all areas were contaminated by more than 20 pesticides. Organochlorine pesticides identified in sediment samples included pp'-DDE, op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, telodrin, isodrin, cis- and trans-heptachlorepoxide, hexachlorbutadiene, hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene. The organophosphorous pesticide chlorpyrifos, used in a new formulation to protect cotton, was also identified. In some areas, the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in the sediment of the Ouémé River exceeded environmental quality standards and are reason for concern. 相似文献
148.
Contamination of fish by organochlorine pesticide residues in the Ouémé River catchment in the Republic of Bénin 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pazou EY Lalèyè P Boko M van Gestel CA Ahissou H Akpona S van Hattum B Swart K van Straalen NM 《Environment international》2006,32(5):594-599
In the Republic of Bénin, aquatic ecosystems are subject to poisoning risks due to the inappropriate use of pesticides, such as washing of empty bottles in rivers and using pesticides to catch fish. In some areas, cotton fields are located near riverbanks, increasing the probability of pesticide emission to the river. To assess contamination levels in the Ouémé River catchment area, different fish species were collected from different geographical areas along the river. DDT, its metabolites and isomers were the most frequently identified pesticides in fish flesh, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, dieldrin, telodrin, lindane and octachlorostyrene were also detected. Concentrations of pesticide residues in fish ranged from 0 to 1364 ng/g lipid. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that the daily intake of chlorinated pesticides by people consuming fish from the Ouémé River still is rather low and does not present an immediate risk. 相似文献