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51.
分析了表面粗糙度、几何角度和极化方式对水体等地物在雷达图像上成像特点的影响因素以及纹理特征对水体提取的作用,分别对基于单波段数据的域值法、基于双极化数据的最大似然分类法和基于双极化数据和纹理信息的最大似然分类法从ENVISAT-ASAR数据提取洪涝水体信息的方法进行了分析与探讨.试验结果表明:域值法提取水体,存在很多诸如山体阴影等易与水体混淆的误提取问题;利用双极化数据并加入纹理信息参与水体信息提取,在一定程度上可以改善这种误提取现象,提高水体提取精度.纹理的选择方法要与当地的水体与山体阴影走向、形态等结合,这个试验过程是费时的. 相似文献
52.
煤炭企业造成的环境污染是一个多方面、宽领域的问题,正确界定这些企业的环境污染等级能促进环境监管力量的有效使用,这是煤炭企业环境管理工作中的一项重要任务。从5个方面建立了相应的模糊评价模型,并对具体企业进行了实证研究。结果表明,该模型具有一定的可行性,从而为煤炭企业环境监管提供了有效的评估手段。 相似文献
53.
An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73-117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that they can be used in routine analysis. In addition, a storage stability study for a common OPP, chlorpyrifos (CPF), in solid food samples was performed. The fortified (15)N-(13)C-labeled CPF was stable over 16 mo storage at -20° C in the dark. The developed analytical methods were successfully applied to 278 duplicate-diet food samples from preschool children, demonstrating that these methods are robust and suitable for routine analysis in future exposure monitoring studies. 相似文献
54.
包覆型纳米零价铁的制备及其去除水中的活性艳蓝 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用流变相法,以FeSO4.7H2O∶KBH4=1∶2(摩尔比)为固相介质,0.06 g/mL CMC(羧甲基纤维素)水溶液为液相介质,固液比1∶2,反应2 h制备出包覆型纳米零价铁;采用XRD、TEM等手段对合成的纳米零价铁进行表征。探讨不同反应条件对包覆型纳米铁去除活性艳蓝的影响。实验结果表明,初始活性艳蓝(浓度100 mg/L)pH为5,包覆型纳米铁的投加量为6 g/L,反应时间为30 min时,活性艳蓝的去除率可达96%。通过研究机理,其吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。 相似文献
55.
This research utilized the Ames test to determine the mutagenicity of water treated by advanced processes, including ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC). Raw water samples for this research included those obtained from the Pan Hsin waterworks as well as samples containing humic acids. Treated samples were collected from the pilot‐scale advanced treatment plant. The Ames test was used to measure the mutagenicity of the water after each treatment process. For the Pan Hsin raw water samples treated with ozone or GAC, it was indicated that, regardless of whether samples were preozonated or not, they all showed a mutagenic potency less than 2 once the S9 enzyme was added. This level of mutagenicity is insignificant. The prepared humic acid samples, on the other hand, demonstrated a significant reduction in mutagenicity after the pre‐ozonation process, indicating that preozonation can lower the degree of mutagenicity. Furthermore, the mutagenicity of the prepared humic acid samples gradually decreased after the advanced treatment process. However, when chlorine was added later to these samples, the mutagenicity increased again. This research shows that the use of O3/GAC processes to treat water can successfully lower mutagenicity, indicating a great potential for applications in the treatment of drinking water. 相似文献
56.
Wan-Lan Chai Jing-Dong Chow Chien-Chung Chen Fu-Sheng Chuang Wei-Chuan Lu 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(2):71-82
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch are both biodegradable polymers. These two polymers can be prepared as biodegradable plastics
that are emerging as one of the environmental friendly materials available now. In this study, after reacting with sodium
trimetaphosphate (STMP), modified corn starch was blended with PVA in different ratios by a barbender. Test samples were prepared
for mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The surface roughness and morphology of fractured surface of the samples
were observed by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. Aqueous degradation
by enzyme, water absorption and biodegradability behavior were evaluated for the degradability. The biodegradability of these
materials was followed by bio-reactivity kinetics models. Results showed that the addition of modified starch could enhance
its water uptake. With an addition of 20 wt% of modified starch, the blend had a maximum weight loss during enzymatic degradation.
It was found that the degradability was enhanced with the addition of the starch. Analyzing the results of the biodegradability
based on the kinetic models, the growth rate of the microorganism was found to be increasing with the increase of the content
of starch in the PVA/starch blends in the first order reaction fashion. In our biodegradability analysis, i.e., based on the
China national standards (CNS) 14432 regulations, we estimated the decomposition behavior based on the mentioned first order
reaction. We found that the PVA/starch blends would take 32.47, 16.20 and 12.47 years to degrade by 70% as their starch content
0, 20 and 40 wt%, respectively. 相似文献
57.
58.
Abstract Total organic carbon, humic substances, and the species of trace metals (including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn and Fe) in six and seven phases, such as bioexchangeable (P1), skeletal (carbonates, P2), easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides, P3), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxides, P4), organic matters with sulphides (P5), and detritus with minerals (P6) as well as organic with humic substances (PB4) and organic residues (PB6), were analyzed in sediments from the Taiwan Erhjin coastal (including river and estuarine) area, where places we found the copper pollution. Results indicate that higher percentages of P1 and P2 for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and manganese in samples collected in March and September of 1990 were much higher than those in P3-P6. High percentages of chromium and iron in samples respectively collected in March and September of 1990 were found in P6. for the seven phase analysis, higher percentages of copper species in PB4 and PB6 as well as iron species in PB7 were observed. On the other hand, purified humic acid with the high contents of manganese and iron in humic acid as well as purified fulvic acids were generally found at the upstream stations; and low values at coastal stations. However, extremely high copper (as high as 1750μg g?1, dry weight in fulvic acid and 820μg g?1 in humic acid) and lead (821μg g?1 in humic acid) concentrations with relatively high manganese and iron concentrations were observed in humic substances from the station near the copper recycling area. Comparing the results obtained from the Antarctic Ocean sediments with those from the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the human impacts on the latter are evaluated. 相似文献
59.
60.
J. C. Chuang Y. C. Lan Y. S. Hsu S. L. Chuang S. R. Liaw C. S. Chang 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1-2):97-104
Abstract This study introduces the principles of KMG's (Kaoshiung Municipal Government) dealing with the non-poisonous urban and industrial waste through reclamation of shore land in reinforcing a sense of coastal protection and land development in Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, southern Taiwan. Through a series of experimental studies, we found that substitutes of coarse aggregate with a broad spectrum of integrating slag powder, fly ash, and cementitious material can be obtained with a benefit up to 80% saving of cement. the integrated aggregates from the non-poisonous industrial wastes were subsequently made into armour units and used in the field tests at Tai-Lin-Pu coastal area, where the shorelines are seriously eroded. After being subjected to several severe typhoon advents, the results showed that the waste-made units used as the protection breakwater, together with construction wastes and excavated soil as the filling material, prove to be an effective practice in utilizing recycled urban waste to reclaim erosive shore lands. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that through detailed analysis of the waste characteristics, scrap material could be turned into valuable construction aggregates, and highlights the value of non-poisonous urban and industrial waste as a alternative resource for the shore protection engineering. 相似文献