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41.
Dietmar Reinert Tetsuya Kimura Karl-Josef Gorgs 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2006,12(1):105-115
The authors analysed a proportional valve with electrical position feedback for its failure behaviour. Several failures were introduced into the feedback loop, especially into the 2 solenoids and the inductive position transducer. The behaviour of the valve for square and ramp reference signals was recorded and systematically analysed. It was shown that failures could be detected by monitoring the residual signal from the equipment under control or the residual signal from the sensor. It was possible to achieve the safe position within twice the normal response time of the valve by switching off the current of both solenoids. The application of these results for a new generation of safe proportional valves is discussed. The use of the results of these investigations obviates the need for redundancy of the electrical position monitoring arrangement in a safe proportional valve. 相似文献
42.
Yvonne Spira John Henstock Paul Nathanail Dietmar Müller David Edwards 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2006,16(4):81-96
The European Commission (EC) has recognized a need for strengthening innovation of environmental technologies in order to increase competitiveness of European technologies on a global market and to achieve a more sustainable development in Europe. In the area of soil and groundwater remediation, innovative technologies are principally available and have proven applicability and performance on demonstration scales, but market uptake is disappointing. Consequently, initiatives have been launched in order to promote application of these technologies and to investigate on the harmonization of applications. The European Co‐ordination Action for Demonstration of Efficient Soil and Groundwater Remediation (EURODEMO), an EC‐funded project, is one strategic initiative for supporting these goals. This article summarizes results obtained so far regarding the investigation of the European situation and some undertaken and envisaged measures to achieve better market uptake. The results of this research project may serve as prerequisites for a European Environmental Technologies Verification (ETV) process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
43.
Birgit Reger Patrick Sheridan Dietmar Simmering Annette Otte Rainer Waldhardt 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1026-1038
Farmland habitat diversity in marginal European landscapes changed significantly in the past decades. Further changes toward
homogenization are expected, particularly in the course of European agricultural policy. Based on three alternative transfer
payment schemes, we modeled spatially explicit potential effects on the farmland habitat diversity in a marginal European
landscape. We defined (1) a scenario with direct transfer payments coupled to production, (2) a scenario with direct transfer
payments decoupled from production, and (3) a scenario phasing out all direct transfer payments. We characterized habitat
diversity with three indices: habitat richness, evenness, and rarity. The habitat pattern in 1995 served as reference for
comparison. All scenarios predicted a general trend of homogenization of the farmland habitat pattern, yet to a differing
extent. Transfer payments coupled to production (Scenario 1) favored the abandonment of agricultural production, particularly
in low-productive areas and arable land use in more productive areas. Habitat richness and habitat evenness had intermediate
values in this scenario. Decoupling transfer payments from production (Scenario 2) supported grassland as most profitable
farming system. This led to a grassland-dominated landscape with low values of all habitat diversity indices. Phasing out
transfer payments (Scenario 3) resulted in complete abandonment or afforestation of agricultural land and extremely low values
in all habitat diversity indices. Scenario results indicate that transfer payments may prevent cessation of agricultural production,
but may not counteract homogenization in marginal landscapes. Conserving high farmland habitat diversity in such landscapes
may require support schemes, e.g., Pillar Two of EU Common Agricultural Policy. 相似文献
44.
2 H). As a consequence, the former proteolytic enzyme gained peroxidase activity and catalyzed the selective reduction of hydroperoxides.
Due to the identical binding sites of the semisynthetic peroxidase and the protease, the substrate selectivity of seleno-subtilisin
was predictable in view of the well-known selectivity of subtilisin. 相似文献
45.
The objective was to assess head injury risks and kinematics of adult pedestrians and bicyclists in primary impact to the passenger cars and secondary impact to the ground using real world accident data and computer reconstructions of the accidents. For this purpose, a subsample of 402 pedestrians and 940 bicyclists from the GIDAS database, Germany, was used for the statistical analysis, from which 22 pedestrian and 18 bicyclist accidents were further selected for reconstruction. PC-Crash was used to calculate impact conditions, such as vehicle impact velocity, vehicle kinematic sequence, and thrown distance. These conditions were employed to identify the initial conditions in reconstruction in MADYMO program. A comparable analysis was conducted based on the results from accident analysis and computer reconstructions for the impact configurations and the resulting injury patterns of pedestrians and bicyclists in view of head injury risks. Differences in HIC, head-relative impact velocity, linear acceleration, maximum angular velocity and acceleration, contact force, thrown distance, Wrap Around Distance (WAD), and head contact time were evaluated. Injury risk curves were generated by using a logistic regression model for vehicle impact velocity. The results indicate that bicyclists suffered less severe injuries compared with severity of pedestrian injuries. In the selected samples, the AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ head injury risks for pedestrians are 50% probability at impact speed of 38.87 km/h and 54.39 km/h respectively, while for bicyclists at 53.66 km/h and 58.89 km/h respectively. The findings of high injury risks suggested that in the area with high frequency car-pedestrian accidents, the vehicle speed limit should be 40 km/h, while in the area with high frequency car-cyclist accidents the vehicle speed limit should be 50 km/h. 相似文献
46.
Linking socio-economic factors, environment and land cover in the German Highlands, 1945-1999 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Land-cover changes are caused by human activities and natural ecological processes. Thus, our study uses an interdisciplinary approach to research land-cover changes. We present a method to (i) link socio-economic/environmental factors and land-cover changes, (ii) identify indicators of land-cover changes, and (iii) distinguish between socio-economic and environmental indicators associated with local types of overall land-cover changes. The study was conducted in the Lahn-Dill Highlands, Germany, a typical marginal rural landscape. In this region, we investigated land-cover changes occurring over the period 1945-1999. Land-cover data were derived from multi-temporal aerial photographs. Types of overall land-cover changes characterising the districts within the study area were differentiated. With the help of redundancy analysis (RDA), we analysed the relationships between land-cover changes and widely available socio-economic/environmental factors. The results reveal that both individual land-cover changes at patch level and types of overall land-cover changes characterising districts are correlated with socio-economic and environmental factors. Whereas the stable environmental factors are drivers of land-cover changes in our rural study area, socio-economic factors introduced into the analysis mostly result from land-cover changes. We identified correlative socio-economic indicators that cannot explain land-cover changes, but that in combination with the environmental factors can be used to greatly facilitate the reconstruction of past land-cover changes and thus lead to a better knowledge of land-cover history. Based on the types of overall land-cover changes, the results of the study can be adopted for the study of land-cover changes in other regions. 相似文献
47.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. B?uerle und Dietmar Jahnke 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(2):113-120
Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen praktischer Untersuchungen der Autoren zu Umweltmanagementsystemen in der Landwirtschaft, und hier insbesondere
der Umweltprüfung, zeigen sich die Besonderheiten der Agrarwirtschaft im Implementierungsproze?. Einige Bereiche k?nnen relativ
einfach umgesetzt werden, andere Aspekte bedürfen einer differenzierteren Methodik als bei anderen Wirtschaftsbereichen. W?hrend
sich das Managementaudit durch die übersichtliche Organisationsstruktur landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe meist als unkritisch
erweist, werden beim Wirkungsund Rechtsaudit einige bereichsspezifische Probleme erkannt. Das Wirkungsaudit zeigt dem Anwender
nach der Einführung einer neuen, speziell auf die Landwirtschaft angepa?ten Methodik der Stoffstrombilanzierung praxisorientierte
Handlungspotentiale. Die Ergebnisse k?nnen je nach Bedarf auf Betriebs-, Betriebszweigoder Kostentr?gerebene ausgewiesen relevant,
da sie einhohes ?kologischen Gef?hrdungspotential besitzen und bei den praktischen Erhebungen h?ufig Gegenstand von Beanstandungen
waren. Diese betreffen vor allem die Lagerung von umweltrelevanten Stoffen (Pflanzenschutzmittel, Diesel, Jauche, Gülle, Festmist
oder Sickers?fte) sowie die etwaigen Notwendigkeit und Beschaffenheit eines Waschplatzes. Die Konfliktbereiche werden beschrieben
und darauf aufbauend Optionen zur Verbesserung aufgezeigt.
Online-Publikationsdatum: 20.12.1999 相似文献
48.
Matthias Ketzel Gunnar Omstedt Christer Johansson Ingo Düring Mia Pohjola Dietmar Oettl Lars Gidhagen Peter Whlin Achim Lohmeyer Mervi Haakana Ruwim Berkowicz 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9370-9385
In order to carry out efficient traffic and air quality management, validated models and PM emission estimates are needed. This paper compares current available emission factor estimates for PM10 and PM2.5 from emission databases and different emission models, and validates these against eight high quality street pollution measurements in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria.The data sets show large variation of the PM concentration and emission factors with season and with location. Consistently at all roads the PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors are lower in the summer month than the rest of the year. For example, PM10 emission factors are in average 5–45% lower during the month 6–10 compared to the annual average.The range of observed total emission factors (including non-exhaust emissions) for the different sites during summer conditions are 80–130 mg km−1 for PM10, 30–60 mg km−1 for PM2.5 and 20–50 mg km−1 for the exhaust emissions.We present two different strategies regarding modelling of PM emissions: (1) For Nordic conditions with strong seasonal variations due to studded tyres and the use of sand/salt as anti-skid treatment a time varying emission model is needed. An empirical model accounting for these Nordic conditions was previously developed in Sweden. (2) For other roads with a less pronounced seasonal variation (e.g. in Denmark, Germany, Austria) methods using a constant emission factor maybe appropriate. Two models are presented here.Further, we apply the different emission models to data sets outside the original countries. For example, we apply the “Swedish” model for two streets without studded tyre usage and the “German” model for Nordic data sets. The “Swedish” empirical model performs best for streets with studded tyre use, but was not able to improve the correlation versus measurements in comparison to using constant emission factors for the Danish side. The “German” method performed well for the streets without clear seasonal variation and reproduces the summer conditions for streets with pronounced seasonal variation. However, the seasonal variation of PM emission factors can be important even for countries not using studded tyres, e.g. in areas with cold weather and snow events using sand and de-icing materials. Here a constant emission factor probably will under-estimate the 90-percentiles and therefore a time varying emission model need to be used or developed for such areas.All emission factor models consistently indicate that a large part (about 50–85% depending on the location) of the total PM10 emissions originates from non-exhaust emissions. This implies that reduction measures for the exhaust part of the vehicle emissions will only have a limited effect on ambient PM10 levels. 相似文献
49.
Horst Steiner MD Dietmar Spitzer Peter H. Weiss-Wichert Anton H. Graf Alf Staudach 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(4):373-377
A lethal form of bone dysplasia, platylospondylic lethal chondrodysplasia, was diagnosed prenatally using three-dimensional ultrasound. The various types of three-dimensional imaging mode provided diagnostic details not available by conventional two-dimensional ultrasound. The diagnosis was made after referral in the 23rd week of gestation, allowing termination of pregnancy due to the poor prognosis. Prenatal sonograms were compared with postnatal radiographs. 相似文献
50.
The observation from previous surveys, that Urtica dioica plants that had grown in metal contaminated soil in the floodplains of the former Rhine estuary in different habitats, but at comparable total soil metal concentrations, showed significant differences in tissue metal concentrations, led to the hypothesis that variation in other environmental characteristics than soil composition and chemical speciation of metals between habitats is also important in determining uptake and translocation of metals in plants. A field survey indicated that differences in root Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations might partly be explained by variation in speciation of metals in different habitats. However, shoot concentrations showed a different pattern that did not relate to variation in soil metal concentrations. In a habitat experiment Urtica dioica plants were grown in artificially contaminated soil in pots that were placed in the four habitats (grassland, pure reed, mixed reed, osier bed) that were also included in the field survey. After seven weeks the plants showed significant differences in Cu and Zn concentrations in roots and aboveground plant parts and in distribution of the metals in the plants between habitats. It was concluded that variation between habitats in environmental characteristics other than soil composition can explain as much variation in plants as can variation in soil metal concentrations and/or speciation. The implications for assessment of soil metal contamination and uptake by plants are discussed. 相似文献