Long term changes in the eutrophication process in a shallow Mediterranean lake ecosystem of W. Greece: response after the reduction of external load

Lake Pamvotis is a shallow Mediterranean lake located in Western Greece near the city of Ioannina. The lake has been recognized as an internationally important conservation site under European Community legislation due to its rich biodiversity. However, during the last three decades the trophic status of the lake has changed as a result of anthropogenic activity (among others irrigation and domestic sewage discharge), resulting in serious problems. Here we present data about the long-term development in eutrophication of Lake Pamvotis. Water samples were collected and analyzed (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a) during three monitoring periods: 1985-1989, 1998-1999, 2004-2005. The high nutrient concentrations in the lake water during the three monitoring periods, as well as its eutrophic to hypertrophic status reflect the degree of impact anthropogenic activity has had on the lake. Commencement of a restoration plan in 1995-1996, involving sewage diversion, led to a reduction in external nutrient load and consequently to lower in-lake nutrients and Chlorophyll-a concentrations. Orthophosphate concentration decreased by about 87%, nitrates fell below 1.20mg/l, whilst the total reduction of inorganic N compounds showed a weaker downward trend, fluctuating between 0.39 and 1.24mg N/l with an average value of 0.76mg N/l. However, after a short-term recovery the eutrophic status of the lake remains eight years later (2004-2005), suggesting the importance of the internal loading process and the absence of the top-down effect of fish. This study provides evidence for the need of greater restoration efforts utilized in Mediterranean shallow lakes.     

Level of contamination and impact of pesticides in cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, reared in a shellfish production area in Normandy (France)

Over the last decade, oysters in the Bay of Veys (Northwest France) have sporadically experienced significant summer mortality events which appear to be due to a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In the present work, the involvement of pesticides (as additional stressors) was investigated using both artificial exposure and field studies (at two sites). Six herbicides were detected in seawater following tests for a total of 15 herbicides. The most estuarine site was the most contaminated, showing relatively high values compared with those recorded in a neighboring river. No pesticides were detected in the flesh of oysters in the field but exposure experiments led to an accumulation of two substituted ureas (diuron and isoproturon, from 0.5 micro g/L and 1 micro gL(- 1) respectively). Some physiological effects were observed in terms of reproduction (partial spawning) and histopathology (atrophy of the digestive tubule epithelium) but results related to other tissue alterations and to neutral red retention (NRR) assays were not conclusive and require further investigation.     

Lichen and moss bags as monitoring devices in urban areas. Part II: trace element content in living and dead biomonitors and comparison with synthetic materials

Lobes of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf and shoots of the moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. were subjected to different treatments (water washing, oven drying, HNO3 washing, NH4-oxalate extraction) to assess the influence of vitality on accumulation efficiency, during a 6-week exposure in bags in two Italian cities, Trieste and Naples. No trend emerged between treatments, in terms of accumulation ability, for major and trace elements. Only water-washed lichens showed an increased C and N content after exposure in both cities. Element concentrations generally reached higher values in mosses than in lichens, especially for Al, Fe, and Zn (both cities), and for Cu, Mg and Na (Naples). Surface development strongly influenced accumulation capacity of the biomonitors. Quartzose and cation exchange filters revealed, on a weight basis, a poor performance. In urban environments, surface interception of atmospheric particulate seems to play a major role in accumulation, irrespective of organism vitality.     

库里提巴市的可持续性与规划程序

可持续性是一个关于人与自然或社会与环境平衡的概念。根据自身历史、地理或社会文化背景的不同，每个人或社会对这一概念的理解也不相同。虽然在理论上缺乏一致性，但是可持续发展概念一直存在于社会的自然与人为空间适应和变化过程中，以及以生存和发展为目的的生产过程中。当涉及到城市或城市空间时，这些过程反映了一个社会认可、支配和确定保证满足基本需求范围的方式，同时确保城市随着时间的发展而生存下来。     

Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part I. Application to surface, waste and indirect discharge water samples in Austria

A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of alkyl benzyl, dialkyl and trialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has been developed, validated and subsequently applied to real water samples in Austria. The method employs liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The overall method quantification limits range from 4 to 19ng/L for the enrichment of 500mL water samples and analyte recoveries are between 80 and 99%. The method was applied to 62 of the respective water samples without filtration to avoid the loss of the analytes due to the high adsorption capacity of these compounds. Maxima in the mg/L range, especially in the wastewater of hospitals and laundries, could be detected for the selected target compounds.     

青年决定环保公众参与的未来

环境问题的产生很大程度上是过度消费导致的。青年是社会的未来。青年能否 转换消费观念,树立绿色消费模式,积极投身保护环境,直接决定了未来社会 的发展。     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

The response of stream-dwelling fish to liming

The fish fauna in 22 limed and seven unlimed small streams was monitored using yearly electrofishing to assess the effects of liming on species occurrence and abundance. The liming techniques were divided into three main methods, lake liming, doser liming and wetland liming, to evaluate whether different strategies had different effects on the fish fauna. The predominant species at the investigated stations were salmonids, mainly brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Other species generally occurred in low numbers. The average number of fish species did not increase significantly after liming, which was probably due to recolonization difficulties caused by the frequent occurrence of migration obstacles in the streams. After liming the density of salmonids increased significantly, irrespective of the liming method. Other fish species showed no general increase, but in individual streams significant increases of European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) and bullhead (Cottus gobio) occurred. Some unlimed streams had acid spates with a pH below 6, which immediately lowered the numbers of salmonid parr. Other unlimed streams lost fish species progressively due to increasing acidification. pH, and probably increased levels of metals, were the major factors regulating the fish fauna. Few examples of biotic interactions were observed, but with an increase of Atlantic salmon parr after liming, brown trout abundances decreased in three streams.     

Altered feeding preference of beech weevil Rhynchaenus fagi L. for beech foliage under ambient air pollution

The effect of ambient air pollution with increased ozone concentrations on the feeding behaviour of the beech weevil Rhynchaenus fagi L. was studied. In a dual choice feeding test the beech weevil preferred leaf disks from beech saplings exposed to ambient air against those from filtered air in 65.5% of all cases.     

微塑料对黑麦草吸收和累积水体中环丙沙星的影响

微塑料（microplastics,MPs）和抗生素作为新型环境污染物,引起了国内外学者对其生态风险的关注.以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）为供试植物,以聚苯乙烯微塑料和环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）为研究对象,探讨微塑料对水培黑麦草吸收和富集抗生素的影响及MPs-CIP复合污染对植物生长的毒性作用.结果表明:黑麦草对单一CIP和MPs-CIP复合污染中的CIP均有吸收去除能力,底物中微塑料的存在会促进黑麦草对低浓度CIP的吸收去除,去除率最高可达100%,但对高浓度（1.0、2.0 mg/L）CIP吸收的影响不显著（P>0.05）.同时,微塑料可促进黑麦草根部积累的CIP向地上部转运,当CIP浓度分别为0.1、2.0 mg/L时,投加微塑料后根部积累的CIP含量与单一CIP处理组相比分别降低了44.0%、21.2%,叶片中CIP的积累量分别增加了2.9、3.0倍.微塑料的加入显著加重了CIP对黑麦草生长和叶绿素含量的抑制作用.与2.0 mg/L CIP处理组相比,50.0 mg/L MPs-2.0 mg/L CIP复合污染处理组对黑麦草根长和鲜质量的抑制率分别增加了53.7%和79.6%,而叶绿素a、b含量则分别降低了38.5%和44.4%.研究显示,水体中微塑料与CIP的共存会影响黑麦草吸收和体内积累CIP,并加重CIP对植物生长的毒性作用.