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991.
992.
993.
The effect of light intensity on nitrate uptake by natural populations of phytoplankton was examined by 15N traceruptake experiments during the spring (March–May 1987) in Auke Bay, Alaska. The data were fit to a rectangular hyperbolic model which included a term for dark uptake. Three types of curves described nitrate uptake as a function of light intensity. The first (Type I) had a low half-saturation light intensity (K
I), low chlorophyll-specific uptakes rates, no dark uptake and occasional photoinhibition. These were observed during a period of biomass decrease, accompanied by low daily light and strong wind, prior to the major bloom. The second type (Type II) had relatively high K
I, high chlorophyll-specific uptake rates, and no dark uptake. Type II curves were observed during most of the period prior to nitrate depletion in the surface waters. Types I and II both appeared prior to nitrate depletion in the water and reflected variations in the light history of the phytoplankton population. The third type (Type III) occurred in nitrate-deplete conditions, when nitrate uptake was less dependent on light intensity (i.e., high rates of dark uptake and lower K
I). Decreased light-dependency during this period was coupled with physiological nitrogen deficiency in the population. Comparing these parameters to those of photosynthetic carbon fixation, K
Ivalues of nitrate uptake were generally higher than those of photosynthesis prior to nitrate depletion, and lower during nutrient-deplete conditions. 相似文献
994.
Luo J Weber FA Cirpka OA Wu WM Nyman JL Carley J Jardine PM Criddle CS Kitanidis PK 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2007,92(1-2):129-148
We present a travel-time based reactive transport model to simulate an in-situ bioremediation experiment for demonstrating enhanced bioreduction of uranium(VI). The model considers aquatic equilibrium chemistry of uranium and other groundwater constituents, uranium sorption and precipitation, and the microbial reduction of nitrate, sulfate and U(VI). Kinetic sorption/desorption of U(VI) is characterized by mass transfer between stagnant micro-pores and mobile flow zones. The model describes the succession of terminal electron accepting processes and the growth and decay of sulfate-reducing bacteria, concurrent with the enzymatic reduction of aqueous U(VI) species. The effective U(VI) reduction rate and sorption site distributions are determined by fitting the model simulation to an in-situ experiment at Oak Ridge, TN. Results show that (1) the presence of nitrate inhibits U(VI) reduction at the site; (2) the fitted effective rate of in-situ U(VI) reduction is much smaller than the values reported for laboratory experiments; (3) U(VI) sorption/desorption, which affects U(VI) bioavailability at the site, is strongly controlled by kinetics; (4) both pH and bicarbonate concentration significantly influence the sorption/desorption of U(VI), which therefore cannot be characterized by empirical isotherms; and (5) calcium-uranyl-carbonate complexes significantly influence the model performance of U(VI) reduction. 相似文献
995.
A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Selection of the appropriate agricultural development model has become an important issue in Iran. Using data from Fars province
of Iran, the purpose of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting between the two competing sustainable
agricultural development models, which have been developed based on the general tenets of Ecological Modernization (EM) and
De-Modernization (DM) theories. Farmers, environmentalists, board members of rural cooperative, rural women and experts from
Fars Agricultural (Jehad-e-Keshavarzi) Organization participated in application of AHP to this study. They applied AHP to
determine the priority of DM and EM based sustainable agricultural development models. Each group determined the priority
of the two models for sustainable agricultural development. The findings indicated that ecological criteria i.e. wise use
of resources, environmental protection and product quality are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture of
Iran, followed by economic criterion employment and social criterion participation. A sensitivity analysis was carried out
to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that EM-based sustainable
agricultural development model has a higher priority as the theoretical base of agricultural development of Iran.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
996.
Real time remote monitoring of air pollutants and their online transmission to the web using internet protocol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anjaneyulu Y Jayakumar I Bindu VH Rao PV Sagareswar G Ramani KV Rao TH 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,124(1-3):371-381
Recent advances in both information and sensor technologies have enabled the development of Real Time Remote Monitoring (RTRM)
capabilities for environmental management. An online and real time remote monitoring system for air pollution has been designed
and installed at a traffic police station at Punjagutta in Hyderabad, India. The system is optimized using electrochemical
sensors and a real time particulate matter analyzer. The system also monitors meteorological parameters such as temperature,
humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind speed and wind direction. The system periodically monitors both pollution and
meteorological parameters at pre- programmed intervals of hr during peak periods and 1 hr during non peak periods of the day and continuously uploads to a predestinated web site (www.appcb.org/home.htm)
using File Transfer Protocol. The web site renders a quick, simple and graphical display of air pollution levels and meteorological
parameters and their significance to humans. The present paper highlights design considerations of a pollution monitoring
system, system hardware and software requirements and practical limitations and future directions for real time remote monitoring
of air pollution. 相似文献
997.
Protected areas are integral to the global effort to conserve biodiversity, and, over the past two decades, protected area managers have begun to recognize that conservation objectives are next to impossible to achieve without considering the needs and concerns of local communities. Incentive-based programs (IBPs) have become a favored approach to protected area management, geared at fostering local stewardship by delivering benefits tied to conservation to local people. Effective IBPs require benefits to accrue to and be recognized by those experiencing the greatest consequences as a result of the protected area, and those likely to continue extractive activities if their livelihood needs are compromised. This research examines dispersal of IBP benefits, as perceived by local residents in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area. Results reported here are based on questionnaire interviews with 188 households conducted between September and December 2004. Results indicate that local residents primarily identify benefits from social development activities, provisions for resource extraction, and economic opportunities. Overall, benefits have been dispersed equally to households in villages on and off the main tourist route, and regardless of a household's participation in tourism. However, benefits are not effectively targeted to poorer residents, those highly dependent on natural resources, and those experiencing the most crop damage and livestock loss from protected wildlife. This article provides several suggestions for improving the delivery of conservation incentives. 相似文献
998.
In the present study, lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), methyl parathion (O-dimethylO-(4-nitro-phenyl) phosphorothioate) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) degradation potential of different enriched bacterial cultures were evaluated under various environmental conditions. Enriched cultures behaved differently with different pesticides. Degradation was more in a facultative anaerobic condition as compared to that in aerobic condition. A specific pesticide enriched culture showed maximum degradation of that pesticide irrespective of pesticides and environmental conditions. Lindane and endosulfan enriched cultures behaved almost similarly. Degradation of lindane by lindane enriched cultures was 75 +/- 3% in aerobic co-metabolic process whereas 78 +/- 5% of lindane degradation occurred in anaerobic co-metabolic process. Degradation of methyl parathion by methyl parathion enriched culture was 87 +/- 1% in facultative anaerobic condition. In almost all the cases, many intermediate metabolites were observed. However, many of these metabolites disappeared after 4-6 weeks of incubation. Mixed pesticide-enriched culture degraded all the three pesticides more effectively as compared to specific pesticide- enriched cultures. It can be inferred from the results that a bacterial consortium enriched with a mixture of all the possible pesticides that are present in the site seems to be a better option for the effective bioremediation of multi-pesticide contaminated site. 相似文献
999.
Farenhorst A Londry KL Nahar N Gaultier J 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(2):113-119
This study was undertaken to assess 2,4-D mineralization in an undulating cultivated field, along a sloping transect (458 m to 442 m above sea level), as a function of soil type, soil microbial communities and the sorption of 2,4-D to soil. The 2,4-D soil sorption coefficient (Kd) ranged from 1.81 to 4.28 L kg(-1), the 2,4-D first-order mineralization rate constant (k) ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 day(-1) and the total amount of 2,4-D mineralized at 130 days (M(130)) ranged from 24 to 39%. Both k and M(130) were significantly negatively associated (or correlated) with soil organic carbon content (SOC) and Kd. Both k and M(130) were significantly associated with two fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), i17:1 and a18, but not with twenty-two other individual FAME. Imperfectly drained soils (Gleyed Dark Grey Chernozems) in lower-slopes showed significantly lesser 2,4-D mineralization relative to well-drained soils (Orthic Dark Grey Chernozems) in mid- and upper-slopes. Well-drained soils had a greater potential for 2,4-D mineralization because of greater abundance and diversity of the microbial community in these soils. However, the reduced 2,4-D mineralization in imperfectly drained soils was predominantly because of their greater SOC and increased 2,4-D sorption, limiting the bioavailability of 2,4-D for degradation. The wide range of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization in this undulating cultivated field is comparable in magnitude and extent to the variability of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization observed at a regional scale in Manitoba. As such, in-field variations in SOC and the abundance and diversity of microbial communities are determining factors that require greater attention in assessing the risk of movement of 2,4-D by runoff, eroded soil and leaching. 相似文献
1000.
The zebrafish embryo model in environmental risk assessment—applications beyond acute toxicity testing 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
Scholz S Fischer S Gündel U Küster E Luckenbach T Voelker D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(5):394-404
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The use of fish embryos is not regulated by current legislations on animal welfare and is therefore considered as a refinement, if not replacement of animal experiments. Fish embryos represent an attractive model for environmental risk assessment of chemicals since they offer the possibility to perform small-scale, high-throughput analyses. MAIN FEATURES: Beyond their application for determining the acute toxicity, fish embryos are also excellent models for studies aimed at the understanding of toxic mechanisms and the indication of possible adverse and long-term effects. Therefore, we have reviewed the scientific literature in order to indicate alternative applications of the fish embryo model with focus on embryos of the zebrafish. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The analysis of the mode of action is important for the risk assessment of environmental chemicals and can assist in indicating adverse and long-term effects. Toxicogenomics present a promising approach to unravel the potential mechanisms. Therefore, we present examples of the use of zebrafish embryos to study the effect of chemicals on gene and protein patterns, and the potential implications of differential expression for toxicity. The possible application of other methods, such as kinase arrays or metabolomic profiling, is also highlighted. Furthermore, we show examples of toxicokinetic studies (bioconcentration, ABC transporters) and discuss limitations that might be caused by the potential barrier function of the chorion. Finally, we demonstrate that biomarkers of endocrine disruption, immune modulation, genotoxicity or chronic toxicity could be used as indicators or predictors of sub-acute and long-term effects. CONCLUSIONS: The zebrafish embryo represents a model with an impressive range of possible applications in environmental sciences. Particularly, the adaptation of molecular, system-wide approaches from biomedical research is likely to extend its use in ecotoxicology. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Challenges for future research are (1) the identification of further suitable molecular markers as indicators of the mode of action, (2) the establishment of strong links between (molecular) effects in short-term assays in embryos and long-term (toxic) effects on individuals, (3) the definition of limitations of the model and (4) the development of tests that can be used for regulatory purposes. 相似文献