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251.
A. C. Edwards 《Chemistry and Ecology》1996,13(2):137-138
5, 1996 Ed. Hester, R. E. and Harrison, R. M., Royal Society of Chemistry, Isbn 0 85404 220 2, Pp Xii + 128, $ 17-50. 相似文献
252.
Carl W. Prophet N. Leon Edwards 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(3):583-589
ABSTRACT The effect of feedlot runoff on the environmental quality of the Cottonwood River in east central Kansas was evaluated by analysis of community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates using the species diversity index, (d). The benthic fauna along the study reach was dominated by mayflies, caddisflies, midges, riffle beetles, and the pelecypod, Sphaerium. Sixty-five taxa were identified during the study; the benthic fauna was most abundant during the 1968–69 segment of the study. However, the mean 3 per station indicated the river was subject to moderate environmental stress, and 3's of those stations immediately downstream from feedlots were significantly lower than the 3 at the control station. There was a significant increase in d's during the 1970–71 segment of the study, following the closing of two feedlots. The results indicate periodic feedlot runoff had a continuing adverse affect on the environmental quality of the river, but recovery was rapid as the organic load on the river was reduced. 相似文献
253.
David P. Edwards 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(10):1137-1145
Tolerance strategies are cost-reduction mechanisms that enable organisms to recover some of the fitness lost to damage, but impose limited or no cost on antagonists. They are frequently invoked in studies of plant–herbivore and of host–parasite interactions, but the possible roles of tolerance in mutualism (interspecific cooperation) have yet to be thoroughly examined. This review identifies candidate roles for tolerance in the evolution, maintenance and breakdown of mutualism. Firstly, by reducing the cost of damage, tolerance provides a key pathway by which pre-mutualistic hosts can reduce the cost of association with their parasites, promoting cooperation. This holds for the evolution of ‘evolved dependency’ type mutualism, where a host requires an antagonist that does not direct any reward to their partner for some resource, and of ‘outright mutualism’, where participants directly trade benefits. Secondly, in outright mutualism, tolerance might maintain cooperation by reducing the cost of a persisting negative trait in a symbiotic partner. Finally, the evolution of tolerance might also provide a pathway out of mutualism because the host could evolve a cheaper alternative to continued cooperation with its mutualistic partner, permitting autonomy. A key consequence of tolerance is that it contrasts with partner choice mechanisms that impose large costs on cheats, and I highlight understanding any trade-off between tolerance and partner choice as an important research topic in the evolution of cooperation. I conclude by identifying tolerance as part of a more general phenomenon of co-adaptation in mutualism and parasitism that drives the evolution of the cost/benefit ratio from the interaction. 相似文献
254.
Dave S. Reay Anthony C. Edwards Keith A. Smith 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,133(3-4):163
Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N2O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N2O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N2O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha−1 year−1, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N2O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N2O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N2O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO3-N (EF5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N2O flux of 1.9 kg N ha−1 year−1 and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1 were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N2O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N2O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales. 相似文献
255.
256.
An Investigation Into the Mechanism by Which Synthetic Zeolites Reduce Labile Metal Concentrations in Soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Robert Edwards Irina Rebedea Nicholas W. Lepp Anthony J. Lovell 《Environmental geochemistry and health》1999,21(2):157-173
The addition of synthetic zeolites and similar materials to metal contaminated soils has been shown to reduce soil phytotoxicity and to improve the quality of plant growth on such amended soils. To gain an understanding of the mechanism by which the phytotoxicity of contaminated soils is reduced when treated with synthetic zeolites, sequential extraction procedures and soil solution techniques have been used to identify changes associated with metal speciation in amended soils. Sequential extraction data and changes in soil solution composition are presented for three different contaminated soils, amended with three synthetic zeolites (P, 4A and Y) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 5% w/w, or lime at 1%. The soils were collected from the site of a metal refinery, an old lead zinc mine spoil tip and from a field which had been treated with sewage sludge. After incubation of the zeolite treated soils for between one and three months, results showed a reduction in the metal content of the ammonium acetate fraction between 42% and 70%, depending on soil, zeolite and rate of addition, compared with the unamended soils. In addition, soil solution experiments indicated that synthetic zeolite amendments were more efficient at reducing metal content than comparable lime treatment. The mechanism by which synthetic zeolites reduce metal bioavailability in contaminated soils is discussed and compared to other amendments. 相似文献
257.
Brandao R. Edwards D. J. Melo A. C. S. Macedo A. N. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(4):2245-2261
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is an environmental problem that affects all regions of the world. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon... 相似文献