厦门市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的昼夜变化特征

对厦门市冬季不同功能区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的昼夜变化特征进行分析.结果表明,在检出的13种PAHs中,总浓度及其组分均呈现明显的差异.PAHs总浓度(ΣPAHs)分布在3.04-12.49ng·m-3;各功能区PAHs以菲、芘和含量相对较高,其中菲占优势,说明厦门市冬季大气PM2.5中PAHs以菲的污染为主.局部地区晚间ΣPAHs的浓度明显高于日间浓度,这可能与夜间大气混合层下降、污染物不易扩散传输、日间PAHs易光降解等有关.     

A fractal derivative model to quantify bed-load transport along a heterogeneous sand bed

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Bed-load transport is a complex process exhibiting anomalous dynamics, which cannot be efficiently described using the traditional advection–diffusion...     

A comparative study of vocational education and occupational safety and health training in China and the UK

In order to enhance Chinese workers’ occupational safety awareness, it is essential to learn from developed countries’ experiences. This article investigates thoroughly occupational safety and health (OSH) in China and the UK; moreover, the article performs a comparison of Chinese and British OSH training-related laws, regulations and education system. The following conclusions are drawn: China’s work safety continues to improve, but there is still a large gap compared with the UK. In China a relatively complete vocational education and training (VET) system has been established. However, there exist some defects in OSH. In the UK, the employer will not only pay attention to employees’ physiological health, but also to their mental health. The UK’s VET is characterized by classification and grading management, which helps integrate OSH into the whole education system. China can learn from the UK in the development of policies, VET and OSH training.     

微波强化有机改性膨润土对磷的吸附特性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)在微波辐射条件下对浙江临安膨润土进行改性,制得有机改性膨润土,利用其含磷模拟废水进行处理,考察了不同的工艺条件如有机改性剂用量、微波辐射强度、辐照时间、吸附时间、改性膨润土投加量、pH值对废水中磷去除效果的影响。结果表明:在有机改性剂用量为3 mmol/g,微波辐照强度为96 W/g,微波辐照时间8 min为最佳制备条件。改性膨润土用量为12 mg/L,反应时间为15 min,溶液pH为7及常温条件下,改性膨润土对浓度为50 mg/L的含磷废水去除率达到97.3%,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

工业污染治理投资完成状况分析研究——以我国沿海省市为例

运用多元统计中的主成分分析法和系统聚类法对我国东部地区工业污染的治理投资完成情况进行了分析。根据主成分分析结果,对选取的11个省市进行分类,并在此基础上提出加强各区域环境污染治理的几点建议。     

Life cycle modelling of fossil fuel power generation with post-combustion CO2 capture

Due to its compatibility with the current energy infrastructures and the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions significantly, CO₂ capture and geological storage is recognised as one of the main options in the portfolio of greenhouse gas mitigation technologies being developed worldwide. The CO₂ capture technologies offer a number of alternatives, which involve different energy consumption rates and subsequent environmental impacts. While the main objective of this technology is to minimise the atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, it is also important to ensure that CO₂ capture and storage does not aggravate other environmental concerns. This requires a holistic and system-wide environmental assessment rather than focusing on the greenhouse gases only. Life Cycle Assessment meets this criteria as it not only tracks energy and non-energy-related greenhouse gas releases but also tracks various other environmental releases, such as solid wastes, toxic substances and common air pollutants, as well as the consumption of other resources, such as water, minerals and land use. This paper presents the principles of the CO₂ capture and storage LCA model developed at Imperial College and uses the pulverised coal post-combustion capture example to demonstrate the methodology in detail. At first, the LCA models developed for the coal combustion system and the chemical absorption CO₂ capture system are presented together with examples of relevant model applications. Next, the two models are applied to a plant with post-combustion CO₂ capture, in order to compare the life cycle environmental performance of systems with and without CO₂ capture. The LCA results for the alternative post-combustion CO₂ capture methods (including MEA, K⁺/PZ, and KS-1) have shown that, compared to plants without capture, the alternative CO₂ capture methods can achieve approximately 80% reduction in global warming potential without a significant increase in other life cycle impact categories. The results have also shown that, of all the solvent options modelled, KS-1 performed the best in most impact categories.     

Concentrations,atmospheric partitioning,and air–water/soil surface exchange of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran along the upper reaches of the Haihe River basin,North China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF) were overall measured and compared in ambient air, water, soils, and sediments along the upper reaches of the Haihe River of North China, so as to evaluate their concentrations, profiles, and to understand the processes of gas–particle partitioning and air–water/soil exchange. The following results were obtained: (1) The average concentrations (toxic equivalents, TEQs) of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/PCDF in air, water, sediment, and soil samples were 4,855 fg/m³, 9.5 pg/L, 99.2 pg/g dry weight (dw), and 56.4 pg/g (203 fg TEQ/m³, 0.46 pg TEQ/L, 2.2 pg TEQ/g dw, and 1.3 pg TEQ/g, respectively), respectively. (2) Although OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD were the dominant congeners among four environmental sinks, obvious discrepancies of these congener and homologue patterns of PCDD/PCDF were observed still. (3) Significant linear correlations for PCDD/PCDF were observed between the gas–particle partition coefficient (K _p) and the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P _L ⁰) and octanol–air partition coefficient (K _oa). (4) Fugacity fraction values of air–water exchange indicated that most of PCDD/PCDF homologues were dominated by net volatilization from water into air. The low-chlorinated PCDD/PCDF (tetra- to hexa-) presented a strong net volatilization from the soil into air, while high-chlorinated PCDD/PCDF (hepta- to octa-) were mainly close to equilibrium for air–soil exchange.     

改性膨润土联合混凝剂处理微污染水中有机物

采用十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,研究了改性膨润土联合混凝剂去除有机物的效果,考察了有机改性剂用量、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、膨润土投加量、pH值对有机物去除效果的影响,探讨了改性膨润土的改性和去除机理。结果表明,经微波改性后,实现了十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐阳离子对膨润土的插层,增大了层间距,提高了膨润土的吸附性能。联合混凝剂投加改性膨润土能够改善絮凝性能,显著提高有机物的去除效果。在最佳条件下,改性膨润土与PAC联合后的强化混凝,对初始浓度15.3 mg/L的微污染水中有机物的去除率达到95%以上,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

Concentration and health risk evaluation of heavy metals in market-sold vegetables and fishes based on questionnaires in Beijing,China

Concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in market vegetables and fishes in Beijing, China, are investigated, and their health risk to local consumers is evaluated by calculating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The heavy metal concentrations in vegetables and fishes ranged from not detectable (ND) to 0.21 mg/kg fresh weight (f.w.) (As), ND to 0.10 mg/kg f.w. (Cd), and n.d to 0.57 mg/kg f.w. (Pb), with average concentrations of 0.17, 0.04, and 0.24 mg/kg f.w., respectively. The measured concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Zn are generally lower than the safety limits given by the Chinese regulation safety and quality standards of agriculture products (GB2762-2012). As, Cd, and Pb contaminations are found in vegetables and fishes. The exceeding standard rates are 19 % for As, 3 % for Cd, and 25 % for Pb. Pb contaminations are found quite focused on the fish samples from traditional agri-product markets. The paper further analyzed the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables and fishes respectively from supermarkets and traditional agri-product markets; the results showed that the fishes of traditional agri-product markets have higher health risk, while the supermarkets have vegetables of higher heavy metal risk, and the supervision should be strengthened in the fish supply channels in traditional agri-product markets.     

铁氧化物复合氧化铝催化臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成控制

以市售活性炭、硅藻土和氧化铝小球为载体,考察了负载铁基活性组分对催化臭氧化过程中溴酸盐的控制情况,其中,铁基复合氧化铝小球体现出更好的溴酸盐还原特性和催化剂稳定性,证实催化剂中铁氧化物是溴酸盐得到有效控制的主要活性组分。进一步考察了铁基复合氧化铝小球催化臭氧化处理实际原水过程中对溴酸盐的生成控制,以及反应过程中溶解性有机碳（DOC）的去除情况。结果表明,与单独臭氧化相比,该催化剂既能有效去除水中的溶解性有机物,又能明显抑制溴酸盐的生成,反应50h,其活性并没有明显下降。催化剂失活主要归因于吸附位点数量的下降,可以通过负载铁氧化物来实现催化剂的再生。