Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

煅烧温度对γ-Fe_2O_3催化剂结构及其脱硝活性的影响

采用沉淀-微波热解法,以Fe SO4·7H2O为铁源制备环境友好的γ-Fe2O3催化剂,结合XRD(X射线衍射)、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM(扫描电子显微镜)、EDS(能谱仪)等手段对催化剂样品的晶相、孔结构、表面形貌、表面元素组成等进行表征,并考察其NH3-SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝性能,研究煅烧温度对γ-Fe2O3催化剂物性及NH3-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律.结果表明:300、350和450℃下煅烧制备的催化剂中生成的杂质α-Fe2O3对SCR反应不利,而400℃煅烧制备的γ-Fe2O3催化剂脱硝性能最优,NOx转化率最高可达95%以上,XRD结果表明其纯度高,并且在60~100 nm孔径区间具有发达的孔隙结构,有利于SCR反应进行;随着煅烧温度升高,γ-Fe2O3催化剂表面晶格氧逐渐增加,颗粒形貌经历了片状颗粒(300、350℃)→球状颗粒(400℃)→针状颗粒(450℃)的变化过程,均匀的球状颗粒形貌及其表面丰富的晶格氧是400℃煅烧制得催化剂具备最优脱硝性能的重要因素.     

巯基化膨润土对As~(3+)的吸附解吸性能研究

水体及土壤砷污染已引起社会的广泛关注。本研究从7种改性膨润土中筛选出1种对As3+吸附能力较强的材料,即巯基化膨润土。其对As3+的吸附解吸研究显示,吸附在120min后达到平衡;在材料投加量达到0.1 g后,As3+的吸附率基本不变;巯基化膨润土对As3+的吸附受p H、温度及离子强度影响较小,其对As3+的解吸受pH及离子强度影响也较小,且解吸率均小于1%。巯基化材料对As3+的饱和吸附量达到了1.18 mg/g,比钙基膨润土提高了12倍以上;其比表面积比钙基膨润土提高了6倍以上。因此,巯基化膨润土是一种较理想的As 3+吸附材料。     

UV/Fe(Ⅲ)-富马酸盐体系对印染废水中橙黄Ⅱ的降解效果

为研究Fe(Ⅲ)-富马酸盐体系对染料废水的降解效果,在紫外光照射下进行Fe(Ⅲ)-富马酸盐体系中橙黄Ⅱ的光氧化反应试验,考察溶液中初始c〔Fe(Ⅲ)〕、ρ(橙黄Ⅱ)和c(富马酸钠)及溶液p H对橙黄Ⅱ去除率的影响.结果表明,当溶液p H为3~7时,Fe(Ⅲ)-富马酸盐体系对橙黄Ⅱ的去除率随着溶液p H的减小而增大.当溶液中c〔Fe(Ⅲ)〕为25μmol/L、ρ(橙黄Ⅱ)为25mg/L、c(富马酸钠)为250μmol/L、p H为3时、光照反应50 min后橙黄Ⅱ的去除率接近于100%,TOC去除率接近60%.橙黄Ⅱ的去除率随溶液中初始c〔Fe(Ⅲ)〕的增加而逐渐升高,而初始c(富马酸钠)的变化对橙黄Ⅱ的去除率影响不显著.动力学分析表明,橙黄Ⅱ光降解过程符合准一级动力学方程.试验采用荧光法验证了体系反应过程中·OH的产生,有助于对橙黄Ⅱ降解机理的进一步研究.     

动量轮诱导的卫星地面微振动特性研究以及在轨仿真分析

目的探索整星微振动传递特性及其影响因素,为降低或控制微振动对卫星相机成像质量的影响提供手段。方法利用某卫星结构,在卫星固支与悬吊两种边界状态下,开展不同动量轮转动组合状态的地面微振动环境试验。根据试验数据,分析从振动源到相机的传递比、卫星固支与悬吊的差异、卫星结构与转动部件分别对振动谱的贡献。利用卫星有限元模型,通过修改地面模型、添加组件等方式使其符合在轨状态,从而开展在轨微振动仿真分析。结果得到了动量轮各工作状态下的星上微振动加速度环境数据。根据数据分析结果,卫星边界固支与悬吊都附加了低频的振动,而星上微振动在动量轮转动频率外更包含了卫星结构的耦合振动。从振动源到相机的微振动传递都具有衰减特性,传递比为0.03~0.475。微振动仿真分析给出了相机微振动转角和影响。结论相机的微振动主要取决于最大扰动的动量轮。从振动源到相机的微振动传递中,传递界面的阻尼对微振传递比影响较大,其次为距离的影响。根据此卫星微振动传递特性提出了的微振动抑制手段有效降低了相机处的微振动大小。在轨状态仿真结果显示太阳翼低频振动耦合引起相机约0.1像素的振动。     

污水处理厂运营管理评价模型及其工程应用研究

随着环境污染的日益加重、环境资源的日益紧缺,污水处理厂的环境管理变得越来越重要.文章首先介绍了污水处理厂运营管理评价的发展状况并指出每个阶段存在的问题,然后通过对比选择污水处理厂运营管理评价的最优模型,同时还论述印度、北京等污水处理厂使用偏最小二乘法、平行因子分析法、熵权物元法以及神经网络等评价模型在工程实际中的应用,最后阐述如何改善现有预测与评价体系,以期进一步提升污水处理厂的运营管理效率,改善日益严重的水污染问题,保护我们珍贵的地球生态水资源.     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

NaOH改性玉米秸秆对石油类污染物的吸附研究

采用正交试验设计,对农业废弃物玉米秸秆进行NaOH化学改性,制得吸附剂,并分别考察其对原油、0#柴油、97#汽油的吸附性能。结果表明,在温度为80℃、NaOH质量分数为1%、固液比为1∶20、时间为12 h的条件下,玉米秸秆经NaOH改性后对3种油类的最大吸附量分别比改性前提高了22.62%、37.57%和38.50%。对改性前后秸秆主要组成成分和FTIR的分析发现,改性后秸秆中木质素和半纤维素的相对含量减少了,纤维素的相对含量增加了;主要存在于木质素和半纤维素中的羧基在改性后显著减少,代表纤维素的醇峰峰值却得到了提升,与改性前后组分变化一致。通过对比分析改性前后玉米秸秆的SEM图像表明,NaOH破坏了玉米秸秆的原始表面结构,使其变得疏松多孔,从而更加有利于秸秆对油的吸附。     

SoundPLAN在交通噪声对住宅小区影响评价中的应用

采用实测法对小区内的代表性点位进行噪声监测,并记录主要道路的车流量,将实测的车流量及道路相关参数输入到SoundPLAN预测软件中进行预测,计算预测值与实测值的差值。结果表明,偏差在2.8 dB(A)以内说明该软件可以用于交通噪声对住宅小区的噪声影响预测。用SoundPLAN预测软件绘制了住宅小区的平面和横截面声等值线图,形象的表达了交通噪声对住宅小区的影响。     

非煤矿山采空区失稳机理及稳定性数值模拟分析

地下开采形成的采空区而引起的灾害已成为地下矿山主要灾害之一。本文从非煤矿山采空区顶板(连续性结构岩体层状顶板、非连续性碎裂结构岩体)和矿柱两个关键影响要素对采空区失稳机理进行了研究,同时结合工程实例,采用FLAC3D软件对采空区稳定性进行了数值模拟计算与分析。结果表明:采空区围岩受力及变形导致的失稳状况与理论计算相吻合,并在工程上得到了很好的验证和应用。