Concentrations and distributions of 18 organochlorine pesticides listed in the Stockholm Convention in surface sediments from the Liaohe River basin,China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in 26 surface sediment samples from the Liaohe River basin, and the distributions of and potential environmental risks posed by OCPs in the basin were evaluated. Eighteen OCPs listed in the Stockholm Convention were determined using isotope-dilution gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the Liaohe River basin sediments. The total OCP concentrations were 0.39–68.06 ng g^?1 dry weight. The total α-, β-, γ-, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT – p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), o,p^'-DDT, and p,p′-DDT), and the HCB concentrations in the sediment samples were 0.1–28.48 ng g^?1 (mean 4.01 ng g^?1), 0.08–6.52 ng g^?1 (mean 3.07 ng g^?1), and 0.18–24.8 ng g^?1 (mean 4.38 ng g^?1), respectively. The HCB concentrations were higher than the concentrations of the other OCPs, and the HCHs and HCB together were the dominant OCPs. β-HCH was the most abundant HCH isomer. The concentrations of DDTs and other OCPs were relatively low, and the (DDE+DDD)/DDT ratios (>0.5) and DDD/DDE ratios (<1) indicated that no recent DDT inputs had occurred in the Liaohe River system. The main sources of HCHs were probably the historical production and agricultural use of HCH in the study area. The DDT and HCH concentrations were generally below or similar to the concentrations that have been found in other parts of the world. An ecotoxicological evaluation indicated that HCHs in surface sediments pose slight risks to human and ecological health in the Liaohe River basin.     

我国城乡环保一体化的制度建构:理念、原则与路径

近年来,我国"城市环境趋向好转,农村环境不断恶化"这种城乡环境二元趋势的凸现,提出了城乡环保一体化的客观要求."城市中心主义"环境法制以及我国农民实质自由的严重匮乏是我国产生城乡环境二元趋势的根本原因.一些地方所采取的仅仅局限于环保领域的城乡环保一体化措施,并不能从根本上扭转城乡环境二元趋势.城乡环保一体化实践需要以更为全面的制度建构为基础.城乡环保一体化的制度建构应树立理性、人本、自由等基本理念,应坚持整体推进、科学建构、多元参与等基本原则.城乡环保一体化的制度建构路径,首先是消除对农民的各种制度性歧视,实现城乡居民的权利平等;其次,在推动地方民主与法治建设,推进司法体制改革、建立司法审查制度的基础上,健全与完善农民权利实现的保障机制,保证农民的各项权利最终成为"可实际行使"的权利.最后,还要建立适应农村环境保护要求的环境法制.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

GHS在危险化学品管理中的应用研究

阐述了GHS产生的背景及其在减少化学品事故,提高化学品安全管理水平,消除贸易壁垒,降低监管、企业成本等方面发挥的重要作用。介绍了GHS国内应用情况,对国内推行GHS提出了几点建议。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对贵州黄壤持水能力的影响

生物炭具有丰富的微孔结构,能够影响土壤的持水性能,对植物生长和土壤中养分的保持有着重要意义。而土壤水分特征曲线又是表征土壤持水能力的一个重要指标。本文通过压力膜法测定添加不同比例生物炭的黄壤水分特征曲线,并结合van Genuchten模型对实测结果进行拟合,推导水动力学参数。结果表明,随着生物炭施入量的增加(0、5%、10%),土壤的田间持水量增加,凋萎含水量降低,土壤有效含水量增加。生物炭添加能够显著提高土壤的持水能力,增强水分的可利用性。同时,van Genuchten模型拟合结果同实测值高度相似,可以用作预测生物炭改良土壤的水动力学参数。     

大型炼锌厂周边土壤及蔬菜的汞污染评价及来源分析

采集某大型炼锌厂周边的耕种土壤及蔬菜样品,分析其汞含量,并采用单项污染指数法及相关标准对土壤和蔬菜的汞污染状况进行了评价.结果表明,炼锌厂周边的耕种土壤和蔬菜都受到了不同程度的汞污染.土壤样品汞的超标率为78%,其中污染最严重区域土壤中的汞浓度是背景点土壤汞浓度的29倍,已达到重度污染程度.所有蔬菜样品的汞含量超过无公害蔬菜重金属限量指标,最大超标64.5倍,平均超标25.4倍.85%的蔬菜样品叶片中汞含量明显高于根部汞含量,说明叶片中的汞主要来自于大气;蔬菜根部汞含量与土壤汞含量明显线性相关,说明根部的汞主要来自于土壤.炼锌厂汞排放对其周边土壤和蔬菜的汞污染均有显著的影响.     

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

多壁碳纳米管的制备与可见光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)/CdS/TiO2复合半导体光催化剂。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)等分析方法对光催化剂进行了结构表征,并考察了在可见光照射条件下MWCNTs/CdS/TiO2对甲基橙(MO)降解的光催化性能。结果表明,MWCNTs/CdS/TiO2能有效降解甲基橙。低浓度MO降解效果比高浓度好,光催化剂投加量为1.2 g/L即可达到较好的催化效果,酸性条件有利于光催化,投加适宜浓度的H2O(2低于10 mmol/L)时会和催化剂产生协同效果,浓度过大,催化效果下降。阴离子对催化效果有抑制作用,其中PO43-的抑制作用最强。所制备的复合催化剂具有较好的实际应用价值。     

浦东新区“十二五”主要工业污染物排放总量预测及控制对策研究

文章以2010年污染源普查动态更新数据为基础,分析了目前浦东新区主要工业污染物的排放现状,掌握了浦东新区工业源主要能源消耗及污染物排放情况,重点工业源主要污染物行业分布和时空分布。根据浦东新区社会经济发展和环境保护的实际情况,采用情景分析法,设置三种不同工业增加值年增长率情景对浦东新区2015年主要工业污染物的排放量进行了预测,并结合浦东新区“十二五”主要污染物排放总量控制目标作了可达性分析,在此基础上,提出了浦东新区“十二五”主要工业污染物总量控制的对策措施。     

加大对重点项目和民生项目建设的环境管理,充分发挥环评在产业结构调整、工业布局优化中的重要作用

加大对重点项目和民生项目建设的环境管理,充分发挥环评在产业结构调整、工业布局优化中的重要作用,是政府和环保部门当前必须认真对待的首要问题。