生态建设与环境承载力研究

由于对生态建设的艰巨性和长期性、资金需求、阻力估计不足,生态建设过于口号化,我国生态建设存在诸多问题。从环境承载力的定义入手,分析了生态建设与环境承载力的关系,提出了当前生态建设应采取发展生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游、倡导绿色消费、加强污染综合治理等措施。     

Anaerobic Biodegradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified by Extracellular Polysaccharides

This work focused on anaerobic biodegradation of blends composed of glycerol-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and biopolymer (starch, gellan, xanthan) in an aqueous environment, after inoculation with digested activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Glycerol degradability is comparable to degradability of used modifying agents. Modifying agents added in the 20–40 wt% range proportionally increased biodegradation degree (D_t) calculated from balance of transformed carbon in the system. Biodegradation degree of polysaccharides and glycerol attained 95% and over. For PVA it was only 6.5% (in breakdown times up to 500 h). Content of polysaccharides favorably affects biodegradation degree of polyvinyl alcohol blends, but at the expense of reduced mechanical properties of resultant products.     

含汞废弃荧光灯管处理现状及分析

废弃荧光灯管中含有金属汞,属于《国家危险废物名录》中的HW29含汞废物类,随意处置会破坏环境,危害人类健康,因此必须采取合理的方法对其进行处理。综合比较后发现资源化、无害化回收金属汞是最佳的处理方法。部分发达国家通过法律和技术手段的加强实现了对废弃荧光灯管的无害化回收处理,但我国在这方面的工作尚且不足,主要存在着灯管收集难、处理成本高等问题。因此,我国需要借鉴国外的管理经验,出台有效的法规措施,同时需要不断完善处理技术和大型工程建设。在我国节能减排和环境保护形势日益严峻的大环境下,辅之以合理的管理体制和技术手段,才能实现社会效益和经济效益双赢的局面。     

液态水氢键结构的拉曼光谱研究进展

总结了近年来将拉曼光谱应用于液态水氢键结构的研究进展,分析了温度、压强和电解质对于水团簇氢键网络结构的影响。改变水的温度和压强或加入不同电解质,将会对水的氢键作用产生影响,并改变水分子团簇结构。通过拉曼光谱可以观察到水分子间振动频率的变化,从而推断液态水氢键结构的变化。     

内电解技术处理有毒有害工业废水的应用进展

介绍了内电解技术的基本原理和特点,详细阐述了内电解技术处理印染、制药等多种有毒有害工业废水的应用进展,总结了内电解技术目前存在的主要问题和在工艺优化、新型材料和反应器形式开发三个方面的改进措施,展望了内电解技术未来的发展趋势和研究方向。     

Additional disturbances as a beneficial tool for restoration of post-mining sites: a multi-taxa approach

Open interior sands represent a highly threatened habitat in Europe. In recent times, their associated organisms have often found secondary refuges outside their natural habitats, mainly in sand pits. We investigated the effects of different restoration approaches, i.e. spontaneous succession without additional disturbances, spontaneous succession with additional disturbances caused by recreational activities, and forestry reclamation, on the diversity and conservation values of spiders, beetles, flies, bees and wasps, orthopterans and vascular plants in a large sand pit in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Out of 406 species recorded in total, 112 were classified as open sand specialists and 71 as threatened. The sites restored through spontaneous succession with additional disturbances hosted the largest proportion of open sand specialists and threatened species. The forestry reclamations, in contrast, hosted few such species. The sites with spontaneous succession without disturbances represent a transition between these two approaches. While restoration through spontaneous succession favours biodiversity in contrast to forestry reclamation, additional disturbances are necessary to maintain early successional habitats essential for threatened species and open sand specialists. Therefore, recreational activities seem to be an economically efficient restoration tool that will also benefit biodiversity in sand pits.     

Residue determination and dissipation of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil

A simple and efficient residue analysis method for direct determination of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil was developed and validated with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet (HPLC-UV). The samples were extracted with mixtures of acetonitrile and deionized water followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to remove co-extractives prior to analysis by HPLC-UV. The recoveries of ioxynil octanoate extracted from maize and soil samples ranged from 86 %-104 % and 84 %-96 %, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 7.84% and sensitivity of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The method was applied to determine the residue of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil samples from experimental field. Data had shown that the dissipation rate in soil was described as pseudo-first-order kinetics and the half-life (t(1/2)) was less than 1.78 days. No ioxynil octanoate residue (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) was detected in maize at harvest time withholding period of 60 days after treatments of the pesticide. Direct confirmation of the analytes in field trial samples was realized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).     

LiFePO_4非均相Fenton法处理亚甲基蓝染料的研究

采用水热法制备出LiFePO4催化剂,通过电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）对其进行表征,并将其作为非均相Fenton催化剂处理亚甲基蓝（MB）染料溶液。实验结果表明,在催化剂用量为4 g/L,H2O2浓度为0.04 mol/L,pH值为3,温度为50℃,反应时间为60 min的条件下,浓度为500 mg/L的亚甲基蓝脱色率达99%。根据实验结果,讨论了LiFePO4作为非均相Fenton催化剂对亚甲基蓝的降解机理。     

聚合硫酸铁/高锰酸钾/二氧化氯组合工艺用于聚氯乙烯废水回收的工程化研究

采用聚合硫酸铁复配高锰酸钾混凝结合二氧化氯氧化的组合工艺成功解决了某厂聚氯乙烯生产废水回收工艺CODMn不达标问题。工程运行结果表明,当原水CODMn=30～48 mg/L,浊度=25～46 NTU时,在CFe=16.8 mg/L,CKMnO4=45 mg/L,CClO2=20 mg/L的条件下,出水CODMn<10 mg/L,浊度<0.5 NTU,达到工业循环补给水的水质要求。     

混合添加剂对PVDF平板疏水膜结构及性能的影响

以不同添加剂采用浸没沉淀相转换法制备基于无纺布支撑的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板疏水膜,考察了不同添加剂的加入对膜性能与结构的影响;并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力学显微镜(AFM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、接触角测量及膜蒸馏实验等对疏水膜的结构及性能进行表征。结果表明,引入混合型添加剂制备的膜具有较高通量和盐截留率,其疏水性最强,而添加剂对聚合物的晶型影响较小。以35 g/L的NaCl盐溶液为进料液对制备的平板膜进行直接接触式膜蒸馏实验,在热侧进水温度为50℃、冷侧温度为20℃的条件下,所制备的疏水膜通量最高可达12.45 kg/(m2.h),截留率为99.99%。