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101.
Angel Pérez-Ruzafa Concepción Marcos Isabel María Pérez-Ruzafa María Pérez-Marcos 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(3):369-392
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a well differentiated typology of water bodies on the basis of scientific
and biological criteria. For coastal waters, such criteria have long been established, while for transitional waters they
are still under discussion. One of the difficulties when applying the WFD to coastal lagoons is to include them in only one
of these categories, and while there is no doubt about the nature of estuaries as transitional waters, there is some controversy
concerning lagoons. To what extent, reference conditions may be similar for estuaries and lagoons, or whether features common
to all coastal lagoons are more important for differentiating them from other water bodies than the fact that there is (or
is not) any fresh water influence, is something that remains unclear and is discussed in this work. Coastal lagoons and estuaries
form part of a continuum between continental and marine aquatic ecosystems. Shelter, strong boundaries or gradients with adjacent
ecosystems, anomalies in salinity regarding freshwater or marine ecosystems, shallowness, etc. all contribute to the high
biological productivity of estuaries and lagoons and determine common ecological guilds in the species inhabiting them. On
the other hand, fresh water influence, the spatial organization of gradients and environmental variability (longitudinal one-dimensional
gradients in estuaries versus complex patterns and three-dimensional heterogeneity in lagoons) constitute the main differences,
since these factors affect both the species composition and the dominance of certain ecological guilds and, probably, the
system’s complexity and homeostatic capability. In the context of the WFD, coastal lagoons and estuaries are closer to each
other than they are to continental or marine waters, and, on the basis of the shared features, they could be intercalibrated
and managed together. However, coastal lagoons cannot be considered transitional waters according to the present definition.
To assume that fresh water influence is an inherent characteristic to these ecosystems could lead to important changes in
the ecological organization and functioning of coastal lagoons where natural fresh water input is low or null. In our opinion,
the present day definition of transitional waters should be changed substituting the criterion of fresh water influence by
another based on common features, such as relative isolation and anomalies in salinity in water bodies with marine influence.
Otherwise, coastal lagoons should be considered a particularly characteristic type of water mass for establishing reference
conditions of ecological status. 相似文献
102.
Isaac José Antonio Luquetti dos Santos Marcos Santana Farias Fernando Toledo Ferraz Assed Naked Haddad Suzana Hecksher 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1308-1320
Human factors deal with issues related to humans, their behavior and the physical aspect of the environment in which they work. A control room is a complex system where operators perform plant operation using control systems and carry out monitoring and administrative responsibilities. For safe operation of industrial installation, the performance of the control room crew plays an important role. In this respect, a well designed control room is crucial for safe and efficient operation. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodological framework applied to nuclear control room evaluation, through participatory ergonomics, using operator activity analysis and human factors questionnaire as aid tools. We describe a case study in which the methodology framework was used in the evaluation process of a nuclear control room. The information gathered made possible a series of recommendation for the adequacy of the control room design, assisting in the safety assessment of the nuclear plant operation and justifying the alarm panel modernization. 相似文献
103.
104.
Borrego C Monteiro A Ferreira J Miranda AI Costa AM Carvalho AC Lopes M 《Environment international》2008,34(5):613-620
The main objectives of this work focus, firstly, on a review of the current existent methodologies to estimate air quality modelling uncertainty, and, secondly, in the preparation of guidelines for modelling uncertainty estimation, which can be used by local and regional authorities responsible for air quality management. From the application exercise, it was concluded that it is possible to define a subset of statistical parameters able to reproduce the general uncertainties estimation. Concerning the quality indicators defined by EU directives, the results show that the legislated uncertainty estimation measures are ambiguous and inadequate in several aspects, mainly in what concerns the error measures for hourly and daily indicators based on the highest observed concentration. A relative error at the percentile correspondent to the allowed number of exceedances of the limit value was suggested and tested, showing that is a more robust and appropriate parameter for model performance evaluation. 相似文献
105.
Miriam BorchardtAuthor Vitae Marcos H. WendtAuthor Vitae Miguel A. SellittoAuthor Vitae 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2011,19(1):49-57
This paper focuses on ecodesign and its application in the footwear industry aiming to identify how the ecodesign can be applied to the redesign of a shoe component in order to minimize the environmental impact and simultaneously reduce costs of production and assembling. The factors that influence the use of ecodesign, the benefits and the difficulties were also investigated. A longitudinal case study was developed in a company that produces shoe stiffeners. The process of ecodesign implementation and the practices of ecodesign considered during the product redesign were analyzed. A cost reduction of about 10% was observed (in relation to the use of natural fibers and polymers in its composition-31% of biomass and 69% of fossil material). Toxic materials were completely eliminated and a reduction of energy consumption was also noticed (during the injection process). The main contributions of this study are: ecodesign constructs to be further researched the conjoint analysis of technological ability and market potential in a redesign project, and the requirements to gain managerial support for a redesign project. 相似文献
106.
Mariana Egler Claudio Antonio Gonçalves Egler Barbara Franz Maria Silvia Muylaert de Araujo Marcos Aurélio Vasconcelos de Freitas 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(2):263-271
In recent years, Amazonian deforestation has become a question of global concern. Deforestation in Amazon is a complex phenomenon in nature and has been related to traditional agriculture expansion. In this work, land use, socioeconomic and conservation indicators, combined with statistical analysis, were used to understand forces associated with patterns of deforestation. This approach was applied in Southern Brazilian Pre-Amazon in Mato Grosso State, which represents an extensive rain forest-savanna ecotone, located in the south border of Amazon biome. Based on data from the last two agricultural censuses (1995/1996–2006), we compared agricultural expansion in this area and Mato Grosso state. Results have shown that 85 % of state deforestation was concentrated in Southern Pre-Amazon and was closely related to increase in number of cattle and pasture area. PCA results pointed that population (92 %), number of cattle (86.5 %), pastures (84.2 %) and tractors (78.4 %) were variables with highest positive correlation to deforestation. It showed that GDP contributes to an individual axis and has a low correlation to deforestation (37.8 %). Conservation units and indigenous reserves also contribute to a single axis and were negatively correlated to temporary crops area. Results revealed a significant reduction in production and commercialization of extractive products in the region, revealing that the main, almost only conservation policy in Mato Grosso remains the creation of Special Areas. We suggest that further studies are necessary to screen development alternatives to simple cutting trees down. It is important to diversify strategies for deforestation control, and development aspects must be more seriously considered to reach a sustainable deforestation control policy. 相似文献
107.
Fagundes Pâmela Carniel Thaís Karoline Hall Monique Canal Colpani Gustavo Lopes Silva Luciano Luiz Zanetti Micheli de Mello Josiane Maria Muneron Dalcanton Francieli Fiori Márcio Antônio 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(1):125-135
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize Nerol essential oil encapsulated in PCL. The miniemulsion and solvent evaporation method was... 相似文献
108.
109.
Shaiene C. Moreno Flaviano O. Silvério Mayara C. Lopes Rodrigo S. Ramos Marcelo C. Picanço 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(4):237-243
There is increasing demand for new products for vegetable pest management. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of pyrethroids with acid moiety modifications to measure the insecticidal activity of these compounds on the lepidopteran vegetable pests Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Asciamonuste (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and evaluate their selectivity for the predatory ant Solenopsis saevissima (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and pollinator Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). Racemic mixtures of five new pyrethroids (30 µg molecule mg?1 insect body weight) resulted in high (100%) and rapid (stable LD50 after 12 h) mortality in D. hyalinata and A. monuste. In A. monuste, the trans-pyrethroid [12] isomer showed similar toxicity to permethrin. For D. hyalinata, the trans-pyrethroid [9] isomer and cis-pyrethroid [10] isomer were as toxic as permethrin. Due to their low selectivity, these new pyrethroids should be applied on the basis of ecological selectivity principles to minimize impacts on nontarget organisms S. saevissima and T. angustula. 相似文献
110.
Jaimes-López JL Sandoval-Fernández J González-Ortíz E Vázquez-García M González-Macías U Zambrano-García A 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(6):841-846
Leakages of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are suspected to contribute greatly to ozone (O3) formation in Mexico City. We tested such a hypothesis by outdoor captive-air irradiation (CAI) experiments in the two largest Mexican metropolitan areas: Guadalajara (GMA) in 1997 and Mexico City (MCMA) in 2000. O3 was monitored in each city for 20 days (8:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) in smog chambers containing unaltered morning air or morning air enriched with either commercial LPG or LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 (propane and butane). Tested additions of both components were 35% (by volume) in GMA and 60% (by volume) in MCMA. The addition effects on O3 (max) were compared with effects from diluting LPG components or total nonmethane hydrocarbons (tNMHCs) by 50%. Diluting tNMHCs had the greatest absolute effect at both cities: it lowered O3 (max) by 24% in GMA and 55% in MCMA. Adding commercial LPG increased O3 (max) by 6% in GMA and 28% in MCMA; whereas adding LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 caused a similar increase in O3 (max), 4 and 21% in GMA and MCMA, respectively. Compared with dilution of tNMHCs, dilution of LPG-associated compounds had a smaller decreasing effect on O3 (max), only 4% in GMA and 15% in MCMA. These results show that commercial LPG and LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 affect O3 formation to a lesser extent than estimated previously. 相似文献