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81.
82.
The silk weave spun by hornet larvae before undergoing pupal metamorphosis is composed of fibers and sheets, both containing symbiotic bacteria. The bacteria are secreted from the silk gland and are glued to the secreted silk, which is made up of amino-acid polymers. In the dark, it possesses at first an electric current amounting to several hundred nanoamperes (nA) (i.e., a thermoelectric property), and a high electric capacitance of up to several milliFarads (mF). This electrical charge is used gradually by the developing pupa. The symbiotic bacteria penetrate through slits in the coat of the silk fibers to the core or into pockets in the sheets, where they gradually digest parts of the silk weave, thereby nullifying its mechanical properties and facilitating in due time the egress of the imago from the puparium.  相似文献   
83.
Reservoir management is a critical component of flood management, and information on reservoir inflows is particularly essential for reservoir managers to make real‐time decisions given that flood conditions change rapidly. This study's objective is to build real‐time data‐driven services that enable managers to rapidly estimate reservoir inflows from available data and models. We have tested the services using a case study of the Texas flooding events in the Lower Colorado River Basin in November 2014 and May 2015, which involved a sudden switch from drought to flooding. We have constructed two prediction models: a statistical model for flow prediction and a hybrid statistical and physics‐based model that estimates errors in the flow predictions from a physics‐based model. The study demonstrates that the statistical flow prediction model can be automated and provides acceptably accurate short‐term forecasts. However, for longer term prediction (2 h or more), the hybrid model fits the observations more closely than the purely statistical or physics‐based prediction models alone. Both the flow and hybrid prediction models have been published as Web services through Microsoft's Azure Machine Learning (AzureML) service and are accessible through a browser‐based Web application, enabling ease of use by both technical and nontechnical personnel.  相似文献   
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Social wasps and hornets maintain their nest in the dark. The building of the combs by all Vespinae is always in the direction of the gravitational force of Earth, and in each cell's ceiling, at least one 'keystone' is embedded and fastened by saliva. The sensory mechanisms that enable both building of sizeable symmetrical combs and nursing of the brood in the darkness merit investigation, and the aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the 'keystones' that exist in the ceiling and in the walls of the social wasp comb cells. Bio-ferrography was used to isolate magnetic particles on slides. These slides, as well as original cells, were analyzed in an environmental scanning electron microscope by a variety of analytical tools. It was found that both the roof and the walls of each comb cell bear minerals, like ferrites, as well as Ti and Zr. The latter two elements are less abundant in the soil around the nest. Ti and Zr are known to reflect infrared (IR) light. IR imaging showed a thermoregulatory center in the dorsal thorax of the adult Oriental hornet. It is not known yet whether these insects can sense IR light.  相似文献   
87.
Assessing groundwater resources in the arid and semiarid borderlands of the United States and Mexico represents a challenge for land and water managers, particularly in the Transboundary Santa Cruz Aquifer (TSCA). Population growth, residential construction, and industrial activities have increased groundwater demand in the TSCA, in addition to wastewater treatment and sanitation demands. These activities, coupled with climate variability, influence the hydrology of the TSCA and emphasize the need for groundwater assessment tools for decision‐making purposes. This study assesses the impacts of changes in groundwater demand, effluent discharge, and climate uncertainties within the TSCA from downstream of the Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant to the northern boundary of the Santa Cruz Active Management Area. We use a conceptual water budget model to analyze the long‐term impact of the different components of potential recharge and water losses within the aquifer. Modeling results project a future that ranges from severe long‐term drying to positive wetting. This research improves the understanding of the impact of natural and anthropogenic variables on water sustainability, with an accessible methodology that can be globally applied.  相似文献   
88.
A facile and novel method has been developed for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc from various water samples using FAAS. In the present investigation, a syringe was loaded with sorbent (rice bran) for the separation and enrichment of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, prior to their analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry which was described to substitute the batch and column techniques. The syringe was loaded with 2.0 g of sorbent in order to retain the analyte elements. Six milliliter of sample solution (pH 8.0 ± 0.2) was drawn into the syringe in 15 s and discharged over a period of 15 s. Then, 2.0 M HCl eluent was drawn into the syringe and ejected back to desorb the analyte elements. At the optimum conditions, the percentage recoveries of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn was in the range of 95.5–99.4% with SD of 0.10%. The elements could be concentrated by drawing and discharging several portions of sample successively. The detailed study of various interferences made the confirmation of the method highly selective. The risk of contamination is less than that with the column technique. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in spiked and natural water samples. The results obtained are in good agreement with the reported methods at the 95% confidence level.  相似文献   
89.
The impact of acidification (Low pH 5.0) on plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl?, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was studied for a 35 day (long term) exposure period, while control groups were maintained at neutral pH (7.3). During long-term (35 days) exposure periods, plasma K+ and Mg2+ levels were increased (77.8% and 16.0%) in the low pH (5.0) treated fish. On the other hand, plasma Na+, Cl?, and Ca2+ levels were decreased (12.4%, 18.4% and 31.3%, respectively). The loss of plasma Na+, Cl?, and Ca2+ indicates the displacement of Ca2+ from tight junctions. The increased plasma K+ ion might have resulted from acidosis, because intracellular K+ is released from muscle as H+ enters. The elevated level of plasma Mg2+ might be due to inhibition of active transport of magnesium across the kidneys resulting in the accumulation of this ion in the plasma. Ionic alteration takes place upon exposure to acidic pH and can be considered as a potential tool for detecting environmental stresses caused by acidification.  相似文献   
90.
A novel cellulose-based adsorbent, iron(III)-coordinated amino-functionalised poly(glycidylmethacrylate)-grafted cellulose [Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell] was developed for the removal of phosphate from water and wastewater. The scanning electron micrograph showed that AM-PGMACell has a rougher surface than cellulose and the adsorption of Fe(III) on AM-PGMACell made the surface even rougher. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that amino groups on the surface of AM-PGMACell complexed with Fe(III) played an important role in the removal of phosphate from solutions. X-Ray diffraction patterns showed a decrease in crystallinity after graft copolymerisation onto cellulose. The effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, pH, agitation speed, dose of adsorbent and temperature on the removal process were investigated. Maximum removal of 99.1% was observed for an initial concentration of 25 mg·L ?1 at pH 6.0 and an adsorbent dose of 2.0 g·L ?1. A two-step pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Sips isotherm model represented the measured data very well. Complete removal of 11.6 mg·L ?1 phosphate from fertiliser industry wastewater was achieved by 1.6 g·L ?1 Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell. The adsorbent exhibited very high reusability for several cycles. Overall, the study demonstrated that Fe(III)–AM-PGMACell can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal and recovery of phosphate from water and wastewater.  相似文献   
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